Does Unilateral Pedaling Activate a Rhythmic Locomotor Pattern in the Nonpedaling Leg in Post-Stroke Hemiparesis?

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 3154-3163 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Kautz ◽  
C. Patten ◽  
R. R. Neptune
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Paretic Limb ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Opposite Limb

Recent investigation in persons with clinically complete spinal cord injury has revealed that locomotor activity in one limb can activate rhythmic locomotor activity in the opposite limb. Although our previous research has demonstrated profound influences of the nonparetic limb on paretic limb motor activity poststroke, the potency of interlimb pathways for increasing recruitment of the paretic limb motor pattern is unknown. This experiment tested whether there is an increased propensity for rhythmic motor activity in one limb (pedaling limb) to induce rhythmic motor activity in the opposite limb (test limb) in persons poststroke. Forty-nine subjects with chronic poststroke hemiparesis and twenty controls pedaled against a constant mechanical load with their pedaling leg while we recorded EMG and pedal forces from the test leg. For the experimental conditions, subjects were instructed to either pedal with their test leg (bilateral pedaling) or rest their test leg while it was either stationary or moved anti-phased (unilateral pedaling). In persons poststroke, unilateral pedaling activated a complete pattern of rhythmic alternating muscle activity in the nonpedaling, test leg. This effect was most clearly demonstrated in the most severely impaired individuals. In most of the control subjects, unilateral pedaling activated some muscles in the nonpedaling leg weakly, if at all. We propose that, ipsilateral excitatory pathways associated with contralateral pedaling in control subjects are increasingly up-regulated in both legs in persons with hemiparesis as a function of increased hemiparetic severity. This enhancement of interlimb pathways may be of functional importance since contralateral pedaling induced a complete motor pattern of similar amplitude to the bilateral pattern in both the paretic and nonparetic leg of the subjects with severe hemiparesis.

The central nervous origin of the swimming motor pattern in embryos of Xenopus laevis

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kahn ◽  
A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Swimming Pattern

Rhythmic motor nerve activity was recorded in stage 37/38 Xenopus embryos paralysed with curare. The activity was similar to the swimming motor pattern in the following ways: cycle period (40–125 ms), alternation of activity on either side of a segment, rostro-caudal phase lag. Episodes of rhythmic motor activity could be evoked by stimuli that evoke swimming and inhibited by stimuli that normally inhibit swimming. On this basis we conclude that the swimming motor pattern is generated by a central nervous mechanism and is not dependent on sensory feedback. In addition to the swimming pattern, another pattern of motor activity (‘synchrony’) was sometimes recorded in curarized embryos. In this, the rhythmic bursts on either side of a segment occurred in synchrony, and the rhythm period (20–50 ms) was half that in swimming. This was probably not an artifact of curarization as there were indications of a similar pattern in uncurarized embryos. Its function remains unclear.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIED NEURONES INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF RHYTHMIC BUCCAL MOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SNAIL ACHAT1NA FULICA

1992 ◽  
Vol 164 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-133
Author(s):  
MASAYUKI YOSHIDA ◽  
MAKOTO KOBAYASHI
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Land Snail ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Buccal Ganglia ◽  
Feeding Rhythm ◽  
Taste Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the land snail Achatina fulica, it has been suggested that two pairs of cerebral neurones, ventral cerebral distinct neurones (v-CDNs) and Cl neurones, and a pair of buccal motoneurones (Bls) are involved in the control of rhythmic motor activity (RMA) in the buccal ganglia. These neurones, when tonically fired by depolarizing current injection, could individually initiate and maintain RMA in previously quiescent isolated ganglia. The rhythm elicited by v-CDN persisted for several cycles after the firing of v-CDN stopped, while that elicited by Cl or Bl ceased immediately after the firing of these neurones stopped. RMA also occurred spontaneously and could be induced by labial nerve stimulation in a reduced preparation. Nevertheless, such rhythms were not always accompanied by the firing of v-CDN, Cl or BL. Thus, the firing of these neurones appears to be sufficient, but not essential, for rhythm generation in the experimental conditions. Taste stimulation of the lip in semi-intact preparations often induced RMA in the buccal ganglia. However, v-CDN and Bl were not tonically excited by the stimulation. It seemsunlikely that v-CDN and Bl are critical elements in the generation of the feeding rhythm. Cl responded to taste stimuli with excitation after RMA had begun, suggesting that Cl isinvolved in the taste-induced buccal rhythm

scholarly journals Induction of a non-rhythmic motor pattern by nitric oxide in hatchling Rana temporaria embryos

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (7) ◽  
pp. 1307-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.L. McLean ◽  
J.R. McDearmid ◽  
K.T. Sillar
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
The Body ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
No Donors ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous neuromodulator with a diverse array of functions in a variety of brain regions, but a role for NO in the generation of locomotor activity has yet to be demonstrated. The possibility that NO is involved in the generation of motor activity in embryos of the frog Rana temporaria was investigated using the NO donors S-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP; 100--500 micromol l(−1)) and diethylamine nitric oxide complex sodium (DEANO; 25--100 micromol l(−1)). Immobilised Rana temporaria embryos generate a non-rhythmic ‘lashing’ motor pattern either spontaneously or in response to dimming of the experimental bath illumination. Bath-applied NO donors triggered a qualitatively similar motor pattern in which non-rhythmic motor bursts were generated contra- and ipsilaterally down the length of the body. The inactive precursor of SNAP, n-acetyl-penicillamine (NAP), at equivalent concentrations did not trigger motor activity. NO donors failed to initiate swimming and had no measurable effects on the parameters of swimming induced by electrical stimulation. Intracellular recordings with potassium-acetate-filled electrodes revealed that the bursts of ventral root discharge induced by NO donors were accompanied by phasic depolarisations in motor neurons. During the inter-burst intervals, periods of substantial membrane hyperpolarization below the normal resting potential were observed, presumably coincident with contralateral ventral root activity. With KCl-filled electrodes, inhibitory potentials were strongly depolarising, suggesting that inhibition was Cl(−)-dependent. The synaptic drive seen in motor neurons after dimming of the illumination was very similar to that induced by the NO donors. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry identified putative endogenous sources of NO in the central nervous system and the skin. Three populations of bilaterally symmetrical neurons were identified within the brainstem. Some of these neurons had contralateral projections and many had axonal processes that projected to and entered the marginal zones of the spinal cord, suggesting that they were reticulospinal.

scholarly journals Motor activity during searching and walking movements of cockroach legs

1987 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Delcomyn
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Burst Pattern ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Leg Movements

1. Rhythmic motor activity may be recorded in the legs of cockroaches during the execution of several different types of behaviour that involve leg movements. It was examined in detail during searching and walking. 2. During walking, motor activity always consisted of a series of bursts separated by silent periods. During searching, it was usually continual, but modulated in frequency. 3. Sometimes, the motor pattern recorded from a searching leg was burst-like rather than modulated. In these cases, it could nevertheless be reliably distinguished from the motor pattern recorded during walking by a simple analysis of the burst pattern. 4. An analysis of the motor pattern recorded during righting indicated that this pattern was more like that for walking than that for searching. Therefore, searching is not simply walking that lacks certain periodic sensory input due to leg contact with the ground. 5. It is concluded that walking and searching can be reliably distinguished from one another on the basis of an analysis of a record of motor activity in a single leg muscle only. An ability to distinguish between similar types of behaviour on the basis of the motor pattern may prove useful in a variety of experiments.

Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Marder ◽  
R. L. Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Computational Analyses ◽  
Motor Pattern Generation ◽  
Rhythmic Motor Pattern

Rhythmic movements are produced by central pattern-generating networks whose output is shaped by sensory and neuromodulatory inputs to allow the animal to adapt its movements to changing needs. This review discusses cellular, circuit, and computational analyses of the mechanisms underlying the generation of rhythmic movements in both invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. Attention is paid to exploring the mechanisms by which synaptic and cellular processes interact to play specific roles in shaping motor patterns and, consequently, movement.

Rhythmic Motor Activity Evoked by NMDA in the Spinal Zebrafish Larva

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 401-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. McDearmid ◽  
Pierre Drapeau
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Zebrafish Larva ◽  
Rhythmic Motor

scholarly journals Genetic study of motor functions in Drosophila melanogaster

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey A Fedotov ◽  
Julia V Bragina ◽  
Nataliya G Besedina ◽  
Larisa V Danilenkova ◽  
Elena A Kamysheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
P Element ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
First Time

To investigate molecular mechanisms of central pattern generators (CPG s) functioning, we carried out a screening of collection of Drosophila P-insertional mutants for strong deviations in locomotion and courtship song. In 21 mutants, the site of the P-insertion was localized by sequencing of the fragments of genomic DNA flanking the P-element. Bioinformational analysis revealed a list of candidate genes, potential players in development and functioning of CPG s. Possible involvement of certain identified genes in rhythmic motor activity is suggested for the first time (CG15630, Map205).

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