Modifications of Locomotor Pattern Underlying Escape Behavior in the Lamprey

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma S. Islam ◽  
Pavel V. Zelenin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lower Vertebrate ◽  
Dorsal Roots ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Undulatory Locomotion

Two forms of undulatory locomotion in the lamprey (a lower vertebrate) have been described earlier: fast forward swimming (FFS) used for long distance migrations and slow backward swimming (SBS) used for escape from adverse tactile stimuli. In the present study, we describe another form of escape behavior: slow forward swimming (SFS). We characterize the kinematic and electromyographic patterns of SFS and compare them with SBS and FFS. The most striking feature of SFS is nonuniformity of shape and speed of the locomotor waves propagating along the body: close to the site of stimulation, the waves slow down and the body curvature increases several-fold due to enhanced muscle activity. Lesions of afferents showed that sensory information critical for elicitation of SFS is transmitted through the dorsal roots. In contrast, sensory signals that induce SBS are transmitted through the dorsal roots, lateral line nerves, and trigeminal nerves. Persistence of SFS and SBS after different lesions of the spinal cord suggests that the ascending and descending pathways, necessary for induction of SBS and SFS, are dispersed over the cross section of the spinal cord. As shown previously, during FFS (but not SBS) the lamprey maintains the dorsal-side-up body orientation due to vestibular postural reflexes. In this study we have found that the orientation control is absent during SFS. The role of the spinal cord and the brain stem in generation of different forms of undulatory locomotion is discussed.

Comparison of the Motor Effects of Individual Vestibulo- and Reticulospinal Neurons on Dorsal and Ventral Myotomes in Lamprey

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 3161-3167 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Zelenin ◽  
E. L. Pavlova ◽  
S. Grillner ◽  
G. N. Orlovsky ◽  
T. G. Deliagina
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Motoneurons ◽  
Lower Vertebrate ◽  
Motor Synergies ◽  
Spike Triggered Averaging ◽  
Spinal Segments ◽  
Motor Effects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part

In the lamprey (a lower vertebrate), motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord are transmitted through the reticulospinal (RS) and vestibulospinal (VS) pathways. The axons of larger RS neurons reach the most caudal of approximately 100 spinal segments, whereas the VS pathway does not descend below the 15th segment. This study was carried out to compare functional projections of RS and VS neurons in the rostral spinal segments that the neurons innervate together. To reveal these projections, individual RS or VS neurons were stimulated, and the responses of different groups of spinal motoneurons were recorded in ventral root branches to dorsal and ventral parts of myotomes. The responses were detected using a spike-triggered averaging technique on the background of ongoing motoneuronal activity. Individual RS and VS neurons exerted uniform effects on segmental motor output within this rostral part of the spinal cord. The effects of VS neurons on different groups of motoneurons were weaker and less diverse than those of RS neurons. The results indicate that VS neurons are able to elicit a flexion of the rostral part of the body and to turn the head in different planes without affecting more caudal parts. By contrast, larger RS neurons can elicit head movement only together with movement of a considerable part of the body and thus seem to be responsible for formation of gross motor synergies.

Pattern of Motor Coordination Underlying Backward Swimming in the Lamprey

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma S. Islam ◽  
Pavel V. Zelenin ◽  
Grigori N. Orlovsky ◽  
Sten Grillner ◽  
Tatiana G. Deliagina
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Lower Vertebrate ◽  
Complete Transection ◽  
Lateral Body ◽  
Propagating Waves

The main form of locomotion in the lamprey (a lower vertebrate, cyclostome) is forward swimming (FS) based on periodical waves of lateral body flexion propagating from head to tail. The lamprey is also capable of backward swimming (BS). Here we describe the kinematical and electromyographic (EMG) pattern of BS, as well as the effects on this pattern exerted by different lesions of the spinal cord. The BS was evoked by tactile stimulation of a large area in the anterior part of the body. Swimming was attributed to the waves of lateral body undulations propagating from tail to head. The EMG bursts on the two sides alternated, and the EMG in more caudal segments led in phase the EMG in more rostral segments. Main kinematical characteristics of BS strongly differed from those of FS: the amplitude of undulations was much larger and their frequency lower. Also, the maintenance of the dorsal-side-up body orientation ascribed to vestibular postural reflexes (typical for FS) was not observed during BS. A complete transection of the spinal cord did not abolish the generation of forward-propagating waves rostral to the lesion. After a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord, the BS pattern persisted on both sides rostral to the lesion; caudal to the lesion, it was present on the intact side and reduced or abolished on the lesioned side. The role of the spinal cord in generation of different forms of undulatory locomotion (FS and BS) is discussed.

scholarly journals Neuronal responses to tactile stimuli and tactile sensations evoked by microstimulation in the human thalamic principal somatic sensory nucleus (ventral caudal)

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 2421-2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Christine Schmid ◽  
Jui-Hong Chien ◽  
Joel D. Greenspan ◽  
Ira Garonzik ◽  
Nirit Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Nucleus ◽  
Tactile Sensations ◽  
Sensory Abnormality

The normal organization and plasticity of the cutaneous core of the thalamic principal somatosensory nucleus (ventral caudal, Vc) have been studied by single-neuron recordings and microstimulation in patients undergoing awake stereotactic operations for essential tremor (ET) without apparent somatic sensory abnormality and in patients with dystonia or chronic pain secondary to major nervous system injury. In patients with ET, most Vc neurons responded to one of the four stimuli, each of which optimally activates one mechanoreceptor type. Sensations evoked by microstimulation were similar to those evoked by the optimal stimulus only among rapidly adapting neurons. In patients with ET, Vc was highly segmented somatotopically, and vibration, movement, pressure, and sharp sensations were usually evoked by microstimulation at separate sites in Vc. In patients with conditions including spinal cord transection, amputation, or dystonia, RFs were mismatched with projected fields more commonly than in patients with ET. The representation of the border of the anesthetic area (e.g., stump) or of the dystonic limb was much larger than that of the same part of the body in patients with ET. This review describes the organization and reorganization of human Vc neuronal activity in nervous system injury and dystonia and then proposes basic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Exploration of the Supraspinal Hypotheses about Spinal Cord Stimulation and Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2766
Author(s):  
Lisa Goudman ◽  
Sander De Groote ◽  
Bengt Linderoth ◽  
Ann De Smedt ◽  
Sam Eldabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Inhibitory Pathways ◽  
Motivational Influences

Despite the established efficacy and effectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS), there is still no consensus on the supraspinal mechanisms of action of this therapy. The purpose of this study was to systematically review previously raised hypotheses concerning supraspinal mechanisms of action of SCS based on human, animal and computational studies. Searches were conducted using four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science), backward reference searching and consultation with experts. The study protocol was registered prior to initiation of the review process (PROSPERO CRD42020161531). A total of 54 publications were included, 21 of which were animal studies, and 33 were human studies. The supraspinal hypotheses (n = 69) identified from the included studies could be categorized into six groups concerning the proposed supraspinal hypothesis, namely descending pathways (n = 24); ascending medial pathway (n = 13); ascending lateral pathway (n = 10); affective/motivational influences (n = 8); spinal–cerebral (thalamic)-loop (n = 3) and miscellaneous (n = 11). Scientific support is provided for the hypotheses identified. Modulation of the descending nociceptive inhibitory pathways, medial and lateral pathways were the most frequently reported hypotheses about the supraspinal mechanisms of action of SCS. These hypotheses were mainly supported by studies with a high or moderate confidence in the body of evidence.

Spinal Circuit for Escape in Goldfish and Zebrafish

2017 ◽  
pp. 517-520
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Fetcho
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
The Body ◽  
M Cells ◽  
M Cell ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Reticulospinal Neurons ◽  
Bilateral Pair ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spinal Circuit

Escape or startle responses are vital to organisms. In fishes, escape behavior is a rapid bend of the body and tail away from a potential threat that occurs within milliseconds after a stimulus. When properly executed, it is a fast, powerful body bend to only one side that takes precedence over any other movements. The behavior is initiated by the firing of one of a bilateral pair of hindbrain reticulospinal neurons (RSNs) called Mauthner cells (M-cells). The output of each cell occurs via an axon that crosses in the brain and extends the length of the spinal cord on the opposite side of the body. The circuit of the M-cell in spinal cord is based upon studies of goldfish and zebrafish. This circuit, repeated along the spinal cord, has several features that are well matched to the behavioral demands of escape movements.

Evaluation of Body Sway Using Tactile Stimuli on the Body Trunk

2016 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135-1141
Author(s):  
Ryo Hasegawa ◽  
Amir Maleki ◽  
Masafumi Uchida
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Tactile Stimuli

scholarly journals Brain fMRI during orientation selective epidural spinal cord stimulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonietta Canna ◽  
Lauri J. Lehto ◽  
Lin Wu ◽  
Sheng Sang ◽  
Hanne Laakso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Brain Fmri

AbstractEpidural spinal cord stimulation (ESCS) is widely used for chronic pain treatment, and is also a promising tool for restoring motor function after spinal cord injury. Despite significant positive impact of ESCS, currently available protocols provide limited specificity and efficiency partially due to the limited number of contacts of the leads and to the limited flexibility to vary the spatial distribution of the stimulation field in respect to the spinal cord. Recently, we introduced Orientation Selective (OS) stimulation strategies for deep brain stimulation, and demonstrated their selectivity in rats using functional MRI (fMRI). The method achieves orientation selectivity by controlling the main direction of the electric field gradients using individually driven channels. Here, we introduced a similar OS approach for ESCS, and demonstrated orientation dependent brain activations as detected by brain fMRI. The fMRI activation patterns during spinal cord stimulation demonstrated the complexity of brain networks stimulated by OS-ESCS paradigms, involving brain areas responsible for the transmission of the motor and sensory information. The OS approach may allow targeting ESCS to spinal fibers of different orientations, ultimately making stimulation less dependent on the precision of the electrode implantation.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact of a Multi-Strain Probiotic on Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Long-Distance Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3758
Author(s):  
Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka ◽  
Lucyna Ostrowska ◽  
Joanna Leszczyńska ◽  
Karolina Orywal ◽  
Urszula Cwalina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Impact

Use of probiotic supplements, the benefits of which have not been proven in sportspeople, is becoming more widespread among runners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multi-strain probiotic on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and inflammation in the body. The randomised, double-blind study included 66 long-distance runners. The intervention factor was a multi-strain probiotic or placebo. At the initial and final stages of the study, evaluation of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness was performed and the presence of inflammation determined. In the group of men using the probiotic, an increase in lean body mass (p = 0.019) and skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.022) was demonstrated, while in the group of women taking the probiotic, a decrease in the content of total body fat (p = 0.600) and visceral fat (p = 0.247) was observed. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased in women (p = 0.140) and men (p = 0.017) using the probiotic. Concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha decreased in women (p = 0.003) and men (p = 0.001) using the probiotic and in women (p = 0.074) and men (p = 0.016) using the placebo. Probiotic therapy had a positive effect on selected parameters of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of study participants and showed a tendency to reduce inflammation.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risks awareness in coaches and amateur athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Markovich ◽  
O Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Heart Attack ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
The Body ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Sports Cardiology ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Endurance Sport

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Regular physical activity is an important component of therapy for most сardiovascular diseases and is associated with reduced cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. The promotion of the physical activity and regular exercise is an important preventive measure that affects the prognosis. Purpose To assess the awareness of the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in exercising population and its influence on the safety of the patients and healthy adults among coaches and people actively engaged in sports activities. Methods An open non-randomized observation was conducted. The questionnaire created by our team included 45 questions about cardiovascular diseases and sport. 111 athletes and coaches aged from 19 to 46 were enrolled in the study. 61,5% (68) are men and 38,5% (42) of the respondents are women. 30,3% (33) of the respondents are coaches. 45,5% (15) of them have over 5 years of coaching experience. 44% (48) of all respondents prefer endurance sport, 25,7% (28) train strength exercise. 63,6% (70) train 3-8 hours per week, 12,7% (14 [7 women and 7 men]) train more than 8 hours each week. Results 18,5% (20 [6 women and 14 men]) think that ECG is enough for screening for cardiovascular diseases. 20% (4) of them are coaches. Only 69,5% (77) of all respondents know about treadmill test. And 41,6% (32/77) of them know about the necessary screening for arrhythmogenic condition. 13% (10/77) of them train more than 8 hours per week. And only 27,3% (21/77) of people who know about treadmill test, passed it themselves. Also 21,6% (24) of all respondents think that any episode of arrhythmia is the  contraindication for any sport. But 96,4% (107) of the respondents know that it is necessary to regularly screen the cardiovascular system, even in the absence of complaints. 9% (10) of the interviewed think that diet is not important for people with cardiovascular diseases. And 18,9% (21) of the respondents don’t know about the effect of electrolytes on the body and the work of the heart muscle. Only 53,2% (59 [21 women and 38 men]) of the respondents trust the doctors more than coaches or themselves. And this is one of the reasons why it is necessary to talk about the basic principles of sports cardiology not only to doctors. 8,1% (9) of the respondents have never heard about any cases of sudden death of an athlete during training or at competitions due to «heart problems». 63,6% (21) of the coaches would not train a person who has suffered a heart attack. 71,8% (56) of the sportsmen would like to return to training after a heart attack. Conclusions Despite the fact that most people prefer a sedentary lifestyle, high-intensity fitness and long-distance endurance sport is getting more popular. Our survey proves the relatively low level of education about the underlying health conditions and possible risks associated with sports not only among  athletes but  professional coaches as well. There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

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