Canceling of Pursuit and Saccadic Eye Movements in Humans and Monkeys

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 2984-2999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Kornylo ◽  
Natalie Dill ◽  
Melissa Saenz ◽  
Richard J. Krauzlis
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Preceding Trial ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Saccade Preparation ◽  
Countermanding Task

The countermanding paradigm provides a useful tool for examining the mechanisms responsible for canceling eye movements. The key feature of this paradigm is that, on a minority of trials, a stop signal is introduced some time after the appearance of the target, indicating that the subject should cancel the incipient eye movement. If the delay in giving the stop signal is too long, subjects fail to cancel the eye movement to the target stimulus. By modeling this performance as a race between a go process triggered by the appearance of the target and a stop process triggered by the appearance of the stop signal, it is possible to estimate the processing interval associated with canceling the movement. We have now used this paradigm to analyze the canceling of pursuit and saccades. For pursuit, we obtained consistent estimates of the stop process regardless of our technique or assumptions—it took 50–60 ms to cancel pursuit in both humans and monkeys. For saccades, we found different values depending on our assumptions. When we assumed that saccade preparation was under inhibitory control up until movement onset, we found that saccades took longer to cancel (humans: ∼110, monkeys: ∼80 ms) than pursuit. However, when we assumed that saccade preparation includes a final “ballistic” interval not under inhibitory control, we found that the same rapid stop process that accounted for our pursuit results could also account for the canceling of saccades. We favor this second interpretation because canceling pursuit or saccades amounts to maintaining a state of fixation, and it is more parsimonious to assume that this involves a single inhibitory process associated with the fixation system, rather than two separate inhibitory processes depending on which type of eye movement will not be made. From our behavioral data, we estimate that this ballistic interval has a duration of 9–25 ms in monkeys, consistent with the known physiology of the final motor pathways for saccades, although we obtained longer values in humans (28–60 ms). Finally, we examined the effect of trial sequence during the countermanding task and found that pursuit and saccade latencies tended to be longer if the previous trial contained a stop signal than if it did not; these increases occurred regardless of whether the preceding trial was associated with the same or different type of eye movement. Together, these results suggest that a common inhibitory mechanism regulates the initiation of pursuit and saccades.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

scholarly journals Impaired Inhibitory Control of Saccadic Eye Movements in Cervical Dystonia: An Eye‐Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Carbone ◽  
Philipp Ellmerer ◽  
Marcel Ritter ◽  
Sabine Spielberger ◽  
Philipp Mahlknecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cervical Dystonia ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements

Phantom array and stroboscopic effects of a time-modulated moving light source during saccadic eye movement

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 772-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-S Lee ◽  
J-H Lee ◽  
H Pak ◽  
SW Park ◽  
D-W Song
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Modulated Light ◽  
Source Motion

This paper evaluates the detectability of the phantom array and stroboscopic effects during light source motion, eye movement and their combination, using time modulated light-emitting diode light sources. It is well known that the phantom array can be observed when time-modulated light sources are observed during saccadic eye movements. We investigated whether light source motion can cause similar effects when the subject has fixed eyes. In addition, we estimated the detectability threshold frequency for the combination of stroboscopic effect and the phantom array, which is named the stroboscopic-phantom array effect, during two eye movements in opposite directions under one directional rotating light source with variable speed. Our results indicate that one of the most important factors for the stroboscopic-phantom array effect is eye movement speed relative to the speed of the light source. Therefore, time-modulated moving light sources induce a stroboscopic effect in subjects with fixed eyes that is similar to the stroboscopic-phantom array effect observed during saccadic eye movement. Our findings are likely to be useful for predicting the stroboscopic effect and the stroboscopic-phantom array effect during the fast motion of time-modulated LED light sources, like multi-functional rear lamps, in automotive lighting applications.

Information Transmission during Eye Movements

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E. Bartz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Threshold Functions ◽  
Compensatory Movement ◽  
The Subject

Target stimuli (the numeral 5 at 60 degrees to the left of the subject's fixation point) were extinguished at various times during the subject's eye movement to that stimulus and the subject was asked to guess what numeral had occurred. Threshold functions were constructed from these data, and it was found that at the beginning of the backward compensatory movement, very little information was transmitted. However, as the backward compensatory movement progressed, there was an increase in the correct identification of the stimulus, and a threshold was reached before the forward compensatory movement began.

Saccadic Eye Movements and Dual-Task Interference

1993 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Pashler ◽  
Mark Carrier ◽  
James Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Task Interference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Colour Patch ◽  
Dual Task Interference ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Four dual-task experiments required a speeded manual choice response to a tone in a close temporal proximity to a saccadic eye movement task. In Experiment 1, subjects made a saccade towards a single transient; in Experiment 2, a red and a green colour patch were presented to left and right, and the saccade was to which ever patch was the pre-specified target colour. There was some slowing of the eye movement, but neither task combination showed typical dual-task interference (the “psychological refractory effect”). However, more interference was observed when the direction of the saccade depended on whether a central colour patch was red or green, or when the saccade was directed towards the numerically higher of two large digits presented to the left and the right. Experiment 5 examined a vocal second task, for comparison. The findings might reflect the fact that eye movements can be directed by two separate brain systems–-the superior colliculus and the frontal eye fields; commands from the latter but not the former may be delayed by simultaneous unrelated sensorimotor tasks.

Visual Fatigue and Saccadic Eye Movement Parameters

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 728-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Megaw ◽  
Tayyar Sen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Movement Parameters

It has been suggested by Bahill and Stark (1975) that visual fatigue can be identified by changes in some of the saccadic eye movement parameters. These include increases in the frequency of occurrence of glissades and overlapping saccades and reductions in the peak velocity and duration of saccades. In their study, fatigue was induced by the same step tracking task that was used to evaluate the changes in saccadic parameters. However, there is evidence that subjects experience extreme feelings of fatigue while performing such a task and that somehow the task is unnatural. The present study was designed to assess whether there are any differences in the various saccadic parameters obtained while subjects perform a step tracking task and a cognitive task involving the comparison of number strings. Both tasks were presented on a VDU screen. The second objective was to establish whether there are any changes in the parameters for either task as a result of prolonged performance. The results showed no major differences in the saccadic eye movements between the two tasks and no consistent changes resulting from prolonged performance.

scholarly journals Time course of spatiotopic updating across saccades

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2027-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper H. Fabius ◽  
Alessio Fracasso ◽  
Tanja C. W. Nijboer ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Brain

Humans move their eyes several times per second, yet we perceive the outside world as continuous despite the sudden disruptions created by each eye movement. To date, the mechanism that the brain employs to achieve visual continuity across eye movements remains unclear. While it has been proposed that the oculomotor system quickly updates and informs the visual system about the upcoming eye movement, behavioral studies investigating the time course of this updating suggest the involvement of a slow mechanism, estimated to take more than 500 ms to operate effectively. This is a surprisingly slow estimate, because both the visual system and the oculomotor system process information faster. If spatiotopic updating is indeed this slow, it cannot contribute to perceptual continuity, because it is outside the temporal regime of typical oculomotor behavior. Here, we argue that the behavioral paradigms that have been used previously are suboptimal to measure the speed of spatiotopic updating. In this study, we used a fast gaze-contingent paradigm, using high phi as a continuous stimulus across eye movements. We observed fast spatiotopic updating within 150 ms after stimulus onset. The results suggest the involvement of a fast updating mechanism that predictively influences visual perception after an eye movement. The temporal characteristics of this mechanism are compatible with the rate at which saccadic eye movements are typically observed in natural viewing.

scholarly journals Voluntary Spatial Attention has Different Effects on Voluntary and Reflexive Saccades

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 881-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie K. Seidlits ◽  
Tammie Reza ◽  
Kevin A. Briand ◽  
Anne B. Sereno
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Fundamental Issue ◽  
Fixation Condition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Symbolic Cues ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reflexive Saccades ◽  
Gap Paradigm

Although numerous studies have investigated the relationship between saccadic eye movements and spatial attention, one fundamental issue remains controversial. Some studies have suggested that spatial attention facilitates saccades, whereas others have claimed that eye movements are actually inhibited when spatial attention is engaged. However, these discrepancies may be because previous research has neglected to separate and specify the effects of attention for two distinct types of saccades, namely reflexive (stimulus-directed) and voluntary (antisaccades). The present study explored the effects of voluntary spatial attention on both voluntary and reflexive saccades. Results indicate that voluntary spatial attention has different effects on the two types of saccades. Antisaccades were always greatly facilitated following the engagement of spatial attention by symbolic cues (arrows) informing the subject where the upcoming saccade should be directed. Reflexive saccades showed little or no cueing effects and exhibited significant facilitation only when these cues were randomly intermixed with uncued trials. In addition, the present study tested the effects of fixation condition (gap, step, and overlap) on attentional modulation. Cueing effects did not vary due to fixation condition. Thus, voluntary spatial attention consistently showed different effects on voluntary and reflexive saccades, and there was no evidence in these studies that voluntary cues inhibit reflexive saccades, even in a gap paradigm.

scholarly journals Changes in the Response Rate and Response Variability of Area V4 Neurons During the Preparation of Saccadic Eye Movements

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Steinmetz ◽  
Tirin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Area V4 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
V4 Neurons ◽  
Saccade Preparation

The visually driven responses of macaque area V4 neurons are modulated during the preparation of saccadic eye movements, but the relationship between presaccadic modulation in area V4 and saccade preparation is poorly understood. Recent neurophysiological studies suggest that the variability across trials of spiking responses provides a more reliable signature of motor preparation than mean firing rate across trials. We compared the dynamics of the response rate and the variability in the rate across trials for area V4 neurons during the preparation of visually guided saccades. As in previous reports, we found that the mean firing rate of V4 neurons was enhanced when saccades were prepared to stimuli within a neuron's receptive field (RF) in comparison with saccades to a non-RF location. Further, we found robust decreases in response variability prior to saccades and found that these decreases predicted saccadic reaction times for saccades both to RF and non-RF stimuli. Importantly, response variability predicted reaction time whether or not there were any accompanying changes in mean firing rate. In addition to predicting saccade direction, the mean firing rate could also predict reaction time, but only for saccades directed to the RF stimuli. These results demonstrate that response variability of area V4 neurons, like mean response rate, provides a signature of saccade preparation. However, the two signatures reflect complementary aspects of that preparation.

Organization of monkey superior colliculus: intermediate layer cells discharging before eye movements

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Mohler ◽  
R. H. Wurtz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Intermediate Layer ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Dorsal Edge

1. We investigated the characteristics of cells in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus that increase their rate of discharge before saccadic eye movements. Eye movements were repeatedly elicited by training rhesus monkeys to fixate on a spot of light and to make saccades to other spots of light when the fixation spot was turned off. 2. The eye movement cells showed consistent variations with their depth within the colliculus. The onset of the cell discharge led the eye movement by less time and the duration of the discharge was shorter as the cell was located closer to the dorsal edge of the intermediate layers. The movements fields (that area of the visual field where a saccade into the area is preceded by a burst of cell discharges) of each successive cell also became smaller as the cells were located more dorsally. The profile of peak discharge frequency remained fairly flat throughout the movement field of the cells regardless of depth of the cell within the colliculus. 3. A new type of eye movement-related cell has been found which usually lies at the border between the superficial and intermediate layers. This cell type, the visually triggered movement cell, increased its rate of discharge before saccades made to a visual stimulus but not before spontaneous saccades of equal amplitude made in the light or the dark. A vigorous discharge of these cells before an eye movement was dependent on the presence of a visual target; the cells seemed to combine the visual input of superficial layer cells and the movement-related input of the intermediate layer cells. The size of the movement fields of these cells were about the same size as the visual fields of superficial layer cells just above them...

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