scholarly journals Early Stages of Melody Processing: Stimulus-Sequence and Task-Dependent Neuronal Activity in Monkey Auditory Cortical Fields A1 and R

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 3009-3029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingbo Yin ◽  
Mortimer Mishkin ◽  
Mitchell Sutter ◽  
Jonathan B. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Auditory Task ◽  
Reward Expectancy ◽  
Motor Set ◽  
Evoked Activity

To explore the effects of acoustic and behavioral context on neuronal responses in the core of auditory cortex (fields A1 and R), two monkeys were trained on a go/no-go discrimination task in which they learned to respond selectively to a four-note target (S+) melody and withhold response to a variety of other nontarget (S−) sounds. We analyzed evoked activity from 683 units in A1/R of the trained monkeys during task performance and from 125 units in A1/R of two naive monkeys. We characterized two broad classes of neural activity that were modulated by task performance. Class I consisted of tone-sequence–sensitive enhancement and suppression responses. Enhanced or suppressed responses to specific tonal components of the S+ melody were frequently observed in trained monkeys, but enhanced responses were rarely seen in naive monkeys. Both facilitatory and suppressive responses in the trained monkeys showed a temporal pattern different from that observed in naive monkeys. Class II consisted of nonacoustic activity, characterized by a task-related component that correlated with bar release, the behavioral response leading to reward. We observed a significantly higher percentage of both Class I and Class II neurons in field R than in A1. Class I responses may help encode a long-term representation of the behaviorally salient target melody. Class II activity may reflect a variety of nonacoustic influences, such as attention, reward expectancy, somatosensory inputs, and/or motor set and may help link auditory perception and behavioral response. Both types of neuronal activity are likely to contribute to the performance of the auditory task.

scholarly journals Long-term skeletal effects of high-pull headgear followed by fixed appliances for the treatment of Class II malocclusions

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-537
Author(s):  
E. Erin Bilbo ◽  
Steven D. Marshall ◽  
Karin A. Southard ◽  
Verrasathpurush Allareddy ◽  
Nathan Holton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Skeletal Changes ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Horizontal Growth ◽  
Skeletal Effects ◽  
Fixed Appliances

ABSTRACT Objectives: The long-term skeletal effects of Class II treatment in growing individuals using high-pull facebow headgear and fixed edgewise appliances have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term skeletal effects of treatment using high-pull headgear followed by fixed orthodontic appliances compared to an untreated control group. Materials and Methods: Changes in anteroposterior and vertical cephalometric measurements of 42 Class II subjects (n = 21, mean age = 10.7 years) before treatment, after headgear correction to Class I molar relationship, after treatment with fixed appliances, and after long-term retention (mean 4.1 years), were compared to similar changes in a matched control group (n = 21, mean age = 10.9 years) by multivariable linear regression models. Results: Compared to control, the study group displayed significant long-term horizontal restriction of A-point (SNA = −1.925°, P < .0001; FH-NA = −3.042°, P < .0001; linear measurement A-point to Vertical Reference = −3.859 mm, P < .0001) and reduction of the ANB angle (−1.767°, P < .0001), with no effect on mandibular horizontal growth or maxillary and mandibular vertical skeletal changes. A-point horizontal restriction and forward mandibular horizontal growth accompanied the study group correction to Class I molar, and these changes were stable long term. Conclusions: One phase treatment for Class II malocclusion with high-pull headgear followed by fixed orthodontic appliances resulted in correction to Class I molar through restriction of horizontal maxillary growth with continued horizontal mandibular growth and vertical skeletal changes unaffected. The anteroposterior molar correction and skeletal effects of this treatment were stable long term.

scholarly journals Maxillary anterior alignment stability in Class I and Class II malocclusions treated with or without extraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willian Juarez Granucci Guirro ◽  
Karina Maria Salvatore Freitas ◽  
Guilherme Janson ◽  
Marcos Roberto de Freitas ◽  
Camila Leite Quaglio
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Maxillary Incisor ◽  
Class Ii Malocclusion ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Posttreatment Period ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT Objective:  To compare the postretention stability of maxillary incisors alignment in subjects with Class I and II malocclusion treated with or without extractions. Materials and Methods:  The sample comprised 103 subjects with initial maxillary anterior irregularity greater than 3 mm and was divided into four groups: group 1 comprised 19 patients with Class I malocclusion treated with nonextraction (mean initial age = 13.06 years); group 2 comprised 19 patients with Class II malocclusion treated with nonextraction (mean initial age = 12.54 years); group 3 comprised 30 patients with Class I malocclusion treated with extractions (mean initial age = 13.16 years); group 4 comprised 35 patients with Class II malocclusion treated with extractions (mean initial age = 12.99 years). Dental casts were obtained at three different stages: pretreatment (T1), posttreatment (T2), and long-term posttreatment (T3). Maxillary incisor irregularity and arch dimensions were evaluated. Intergroup comparisons were performed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey tests. Results:  In the long-term posttreatment period, relapse of maxillary crowding and arch dimensions was similar in all groups. Conclusion:  Changes in maxillary anterior alignment in Class I and Class II malocclusions treated with nonextractions and with extractions were similar in the long-term posttreatment period.

Abstract 16546: Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Risk of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure in the Years Following Delivery

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Mints ◽  
Asya Lyass ◽  
Michelle D Schmiegelow ◽  
morten schou ◽  
Gunnar H Gislason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Class I ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a form of systolic heart failure that occurs during pregnancy or in the early post-partum period. Obesity is known to be associated with other forms of heart failure in young adults, however it is unclear if it is also a risk factor for the development of PPCM. Objectives: To investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) with PPCM and heart failure in the years following childbirth. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of pregnant women in the Danish National Patient Registry between 2004 - 2017. Baseline characteristics and other risk factors were obtained at the first prenatal visit (occurring at 8-11 weeks post-conception). Women were followed until the end of the study period, emigration, or death. Logistic regression was performed, adjusting for age as well as other known risk factors for PPCM. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the long-term risk of development of heart failure. Results: There were 403,820 pregnancies evaluated in 300,892 women, with an average age of 29 years. The average BMI was 24.4 kg/m2, with 21.6% classified as overweight (BMI 25 - 30 kg/m2) and 12.8% as obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2). The rate of PPCM was 0.1 per 1,000 in normal weight and overweight groups, and 0.3 per 1,000 in the obese women. After adjustment for age, ethnicity, smoking status, gestational diabetes, and presence of preeclampsia, there was a statistically significant increased risk of the development of PPCM up to 6 months after childbirth in patients who had class I (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, 95% CI 1.08-4.68) but not class II/III obesity (OR 1.63, 95% CI 0.60-4.43). This elevated risk persisted during long term follow up, with hazard ratios of 2.43 (95% CI 1.55 - 3.80) in women with class I obesity and 3.20 (95% CI 1.93 - 5.30) in women with class II/III obesity. Conclusions: High early pregnancy BMI is associated with elevated risk of development of peripartum cardiomyopathy even after adjustment for traditional risk factors. This risk of heart failure persists for several years after childbirth.

scholarly journals Clinical Evaluation of Resin-Based Composites in Posterior Restorations: 12-Month Results

2010 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 057-065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cigdem Celik ◽  
Neslihan Arhun ◽  
Kivanc Yamanel
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Usphs Criteria ◽  
Nanohybrid Composite

ABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the 12 month clinical performances of two different posterior composites in Class I and Class II restorations.Methods: Thirty-one patients (10 male, 21 female) were recruited into the study. A total of 82 Class I and Class II cavities were restored with either a nanohybrid composite (Grandio) or a low-shrinkage composite (Quixfil), using their self etch adhesives (Futura Bond and Xeno III) according to manufacturers’ instructions. The restorations were clinically evaluated 1 week after placement as baseline, and after 6 and 12 months post-operatively using modified USPHS criteria by two previously calibrated operators. Statistical analysis were performed using Pearson Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact Test (P<.05).Results: All patients attended the 12-month recall. Lack of retention was not observed in any of the restorations. With respect to color match, marginal adaptation, secondary caries and surface texture, no significant differences were found between two restorative materials tested after 12 months (P>.05). None of the restorations had marginal discoloration and anatomic form loss on the 12 month follow-up. Restorations did not exhibit post-operative sensitivity at any evaluation period.Conclusions: Clinical assessment of nanohybrid (Grandio) and low-shrinkage posterior composite (Quixfil) exhibited good clinical results with predominating alpha scores after 12 months. However; further evaluations are necessary for the long-term clinical performance of these materials. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:57-65)

scholarly journals Genetic Modification of Limbal Stem Cells to Decrease Allogeneic Immune Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Valdivia ◽  
Marina Bertolin ◽  
Claudia Breda ◽  
Marco Carvalho Oliveira ◽  
Anna Katharina Salz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Hla Class I ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Limbal Stem Cells ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Efficient Treatment

Limbal stem cell (LSC) transplantation is the only efficient treatment for patients affected by LSC deficiency (LSCD). Allogeneic LSC transplantation is one of the most successful alternative for patients with bilateral LSCD. Nevertheless, the high variability of the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) remains a relevant obstacle to long-term allogeneic graft survival. This study characterized the immunologic properties of LSCs and proposed a genetic engineering strategy to reduce the immunogenicity of LSCs and of their derivatives. Hence, LSC HLA expression was silenced using lentiviral vectors encoding for short hairpin (sh) RNAs targeting β2-microglobulin (β2M) or class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator (CIITA) to silence HLA class I and II respectively. Beside the constitutive expression of HLA class I, LSCs showed the capability to upregulate HLA class II expression under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, LSCs demonstrated the capability to induce T-cell mediated immune responses. LSCs phenotypical and functional characteristics are not disturbed after genetic modification. However, HLA silenced LSC showed to prevent T cell activation, proliferation and cytotoxicity in comparison to fully HLA-expressing LSCs. Additionally; HLA-silenced LSCs were protected against antibody-mediated cellular-dependent cytotoxicity. Our data is a proof-of-concept of the feasibility to generate low immunogenic human LSCs without affecting their typical features. The use of low immunogenic LSCs may support for long-term survival of LSCs and their derivatives after allogeneic transplantation.

The First Demonstration of Sequential Acquisition of Class I and Class II Gene Mutations in Formation of Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 859-859
Author(s):  
Takahiro Shima ◽  
Yoshikane Kikushige ◽  
Toshihiro Miyamoto ◽  
Koichi Akashi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Class I ◽  
Leukemic Stem Cells ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Kit Mutation ◽  
Normal Differentiation

Abstract Abstract 859 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) should be the main target for accumulation of mutational events, which eventually leads to formation of leukemic stem cells. These leukemogenic mutations have been classified at least into class I (providing the proliferative and survival advantage) and class II (impairing the differentiation activity) gene abnormalities. It has been proposed that acquisition of both class I and class II mutation are essential for the development of leukemia. Although several experimental animal studies suggest this model, there is no direct evidence that class I and class II mutations collaborate to contribute to development of human leukemias. Here we demonstrate that the acquisition of 8;21 translocation, which encodes the AML1-ETO (a class II chimeric fusion gene), and of mutational c-Kit (a class I mutation) is sequentially occurred in human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). It has been shown that in t(8;21) AML patients treated with chemotherapy, a small amount of AML1-ETO mRNA was never disappeared even in patients maintaining remission for more than 10 years. We have demonstrated that this AML1-ETO mRNA in “cured” patients is derived from t(8;21)+ HSCs that consisted only a few percent of HSCs in remission (Miyamoto et al., PNAS 2000; 97: 7521–7526). The t(8;21)+ HSCs possessed normal differentiation at least into myeloerythroid cells and B cells. These data strongly suggest that acquisition of the AML1-ETO fusion is not sufficient for development of t(8;21) AML, and that t(8;21)+ HSCs are preleukemic HSCs. We hypothesized that acquisition of additional class I mutation might transform the AML1-ETO+ preleukemic HSCs into AML stem cells. We therefore searched for class I mutations in t(8;21) AML samples, and found that in 13 out of 33 t(8;21) AML patients, AML cells have c-Kit mutations (but not other class I such as FLT3-ITD and N-Ras mutations) at diagnosis. We then tested whether the AML1-ETO+ preleukemic HSCs in remission marrow have the c-Kit mutation. Six out of these 13 t(8;21) AML patients with c-Kit mutation maintaining long-term remission were enrolled in this study. To confirm the coexistence of AML1-ETO and c-Kit mutation in single leukemic stem cells, CD34+CD38− AML cells were purified from the bone marrow of patients at diagnosis, and tested for the presence of AML1-ETO and c-Kit mutation by single cell PCR. In all of 910 single CD34+CD38− AML cells, both AML1-ETO and c-Kit mutations were detected. Then, CD34+CD38− HSCs in remission were tested for the presence of AML1-ETO and c-Kit mutation. In 1728 single CD34+CD38− HSCs of remission marrow, 0.9% (16 cells) of these cells expressed AML1-ETO. Surprisingly, none of these AML1-ETO+ preleukemic HSCs possessed c-Kit mutation, indicating that AML1-ETO+ clones in long-term remission are independent from the original t(8;21) AML clones in terms of the presence of c-Kit mutation. We then performed colony-forming assays to evaluate the differentiation potential of these AML1-ETO+ preleukemic HSCs. HSCs of remission marrow-derived colonies were picked up, and tested for the presence of AML1-ETO and c-Kit mutation. In 7187 colonies formed in the culture of remission marrow, 1.2% (89 colonies) of these colonies were positive for AML1-ETO, and all of these colonies were negative for c-Kit mutation. These data collectively suggest that the acquisition of c-Kit mutation is the second step for formation of t(8;21) AML stem cells: Normal HSCs acquire t(8;21) and express resultant AML1-ETO (Class II) but it is not sufficient for full transformation into AML stem cells. These preleukemic HSCs possess normal differentiation activity, but additional c-Kit mutation (Class I) might be critical in transforming into AML stem cells. This is the first clear-cut evidence that HSCs transform into AML stem cells by stepwise acquisition of Class I and Class II mutations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Long-term (≥15 years) post-treatment changes and outcome quality after Class II:1 treatment in comparison to untreated Class I controls

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niko C Bock ◽  
Mitra Saffar ◽  
Helge Hudel ◽  
Marjut Evälahti ◽  
Kaisa Heikinheimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Class I ◽  
Outcome Quality ◽  
Treatment Changes

scholarly journals Body Mass Index and Long-Term Follow-Up Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction by the Median of Non-HDL Cholesterol: Results From an Observational Cohort Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Gao ◽  
Aidong Shen ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Hongwei Li
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Class I ◽  
Obese Class ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Background: The association between obesity, non-HDL cholesterol, and clinical outcomes in subjects with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is incompletely understood. The aim of this investigation was to explore the association between body mass index (BMI), non-high density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, and long-term follow-up prognosis.Methods: This present study used data obtained by the Cardiovascular Center of Beijing Friendship Hospital Database Bank. We identified 3,780 consecutive AMI populations aged 25–93 years from 2013 to 2020. Participants were categorized as normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI &lt;22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23.0 ≤ BMI &lt;24.9 kg/m2), obese class I (25.0 ≤ BMI &lt;29.9 kg/m2), and obese class II (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). The endpoint of interest was cardiovascular (CV) death, all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, unplanned revascularization, and cardiac hospitalization.Results:Participants with higher BMI were younger and more likely to be males compared with lower BMI groups. Elevated non-HDL cholesterol was present in 8.7, 11.0, 24.3, and 5.9% of the normal, overweight, obese class I, and obese class II groups, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, compared to normal-weight participants with decreased non-HDL cholesterol (reference group), obese participants with and without elevated non-HDL cholesterol had a lower risk of mortality (with obese class I and elevated non-HDL cholesterol: hazard ratio [HR] 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28–0.67; with obese class I and decreased non-HDL cholesterol: HR, 0.68, 95% CI, 0.47–0.98; with obese class II and elevated non-HDL cholesterol: HR, 0.42, 95% CI, 0.20–0.87; with obese class II and decreased non-HDL cholesterol: HR, 0.35, 95% CI, 0.16–0.72).Conclusion: In AMI participants performing with PCI, obesity had a better long-term prognosis which probably unaffected by the level of non-HDL cholesterol.

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