scholarly journals Transfer of dynamic motor skills acquired during isometric training to free motion

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Melendez-Calderon ◽  
Michael Tan ◽  
Moria Fisher Bittmann ◽  
Etienne Burdet ◽  
James L. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Free Motion ◽  
Isometric Training ◽  
Sensory Interactions ◽  
Physical Task ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Graphic Rendering

Recent studies have explored the prospects of learning to move without moving, by displaying virtual arm movement related to exerted force. However, it has yet to be tested whether learning the dynamics of moving can transfer to the corresponding movement. Here we present a series of experiments that investigate this isometric training paradigm. Subjects were asked to hold a handle and generate forces as their arms were constrained to a static position. A precise simulation of reaching was used to make a graphic rendering of an arm moving realistically in response to the measured interaction forces and simulated environmental forces. Such graphic rendering was displayed on a horizontal display that blocked their view to their actual (statically constrained) arm and encouraged them to believe they were moving. We studied adaptation of horizontal, planar, goal-directed arm movements in a velocity-dependent force field. Our results show that individuals can learn to compensate for such a force field in a virtual environment and transfer their new skills to the actual free motion condition, with performance comparable to practice while moving. Such nonmoving techniques should impact various training conditions when moving may not be possible. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provided early evidence supporting that training movement skills without moving is possible. In contrast to previous studies, our study involves 1) exploiting cross-modal sensory interactions between vision and proprioception in a motionless setting to teach motor skills that could be transferable to a corresponding physical task, and 2) evaluates the movement skill of controlling muscle-generated forces to execute arm movements in the presence of external forces that were only virtually present during training.

scholarly journals Voluntary Upper-Extremity Movements in Patients With Unilateral Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-227
Author(s):  
Diane F Borello-France ◽  
Jere D Gallagher ◽  
Joseph M Furman ◽  
Mark S Redfern ◽  
George E Carvell
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Vestibular Loss ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Vestibular Hypofunction

Abstract Background and Purpose. People with peripheral vestibular pathology demonstrate motor impairments when responding and adapting to postural platform perturbations and during performance of sit-to-stand and locomotor tasks. This study investigated the influence of unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction on voluntary arm movement. Subjects and Methods. Subjects without known neurological impairments and subjects with vestibular impairments performed 3 voluntary arm movements: an overhead reach to a target, a sideward reach to a target, and a forward flexion movement through 90 degrees. Subjects performed these tasks under precued and choice reaction time conditions. During all tasks, body segment motion was measured. Head velocity measurements were calculated for the side task only. Results. Subjects with vestibular loss restricted upper body segment motion within the frontal and transverse planes for the 90-degree and overhead tasks. Average angular head velocity was lower for the group with vestibular hypofunction. Task uncertainty (the introduction of a choice reaction time paradigm) differentially influenced the groups regarding head velocity at target acquisition. Discussion and Conclusion. Individuals with vestibular loss altered their performance of voluntary arm movements. Such alterations may have served to minimize the functional consequences of gaze instability.

And Yet It Moves: What We Currently Know about Phantom Arm Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Scaliti ◽  
Emanuele Gruppioni ◽  
Cristina Becchio
Keyword(s):  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
The Real ◽  
Cortical Level ◽  
Hand Amputation

What is left over if I subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm? Neurological evidence invites the provocative hypothesis that what is left over is a phantom arm movement—a movement of an arm that has been amputated. After arm/hand amputation, many amputees report that they can generate voluntary movements of the phantom limb; that is, they can move the arm that was amputated. But what is it like to move an arm/hand that is not there? Here, we review what is currently known about phantom limb movements at three descriptive levels: the kinematic level, the muscle level, and the cortical level. We conclude that phantom arm movements are best conceptualized as the real movements of a dematerialized hand.

scholarly journals Neuronal Activity Related to the Visual Representation of Arm Movements in the Lateral Cerebellar Cortex

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 1223-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuguang Liu ◽  
Edwin Robertson ◽  
R. Christopher Miall
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Increased Activity

Testing the hypothesis that the lateral cerebellum forms a sensory representation of arm movements, we investigated cortical neuronal activity in two monkeys performing visually guided step-tracking movements with a manipulandum. A virtual target and cursor image were viewed co-planar with the manipulandum. In the normal task, manipulandum and cursor moved in the same direction; in the mirror task, the cursor was left-right reversed. In one monkey, 70- and 200-ms time delays were introduced on cursor movement. Significant task-related activity was recorded in 31 cells in one animal and 142 cells in the second: 10.2% increased activity before arm movements onset, 77.1% during arm movement, and 12.7% after the new position was reached. To test for neural representation of the visual outcome of movement, firing rate modulation was compared in normal and mirror step-tracking. Most task-related neurons (68%) showed no significant directional modulation. Of 70 directionally sensitive cells, almost one-half ( n = 34, 48%) modulated firing with a consistent cursor movement direction, many fewer responding to the manipulandum direction ( n = 9, 13%). For those “cursor-related” cells tested with delayed cursor movement, increased activity onset was time-locked to arm movement and not cursor movement, but activation duration was extended by an amount similar to the applied delay. Hence, activity returned to baseline about when the delayed cursor reached the target. We conclude that many cells in the lateral cerebellar cortex signaled the direction of cursor movement during active step-tracking. Such a predictive representation of the arm movement could be used in the guidance of visuo-motor actions.

Three-Dimensional Model to Predict Muscle Forces and Their Relation to Motor Variances in Reaching Arm Movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Tibold ◽  
Gabor Fazekas ◽  
Jozsef Laczko
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Movement Model ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Moment Arms

A three-dimensional (3-D) arm movement model is presented to simulate kinematic properties and muscle forces in reaching arm movements. Healthy subjects performed reaching movements repetitively either with or without a load in the hand. Joint coordinates were measured. Muscle moment arms, 3-D angular acceleration, and moment of inertias of arm segments were calculated to determine 3-D joint torques. Variances of hand position, arm configuration, and muscle activities were calculated. Ratios of movement variances observed in the two conditions (load versus without load) showed no differences for hand position and arm configuration variances. Virtual muscle force variances for all muscles except deltoid posterior and EMG variances for four muscles increased significantly by moving with the load. The greatly increased variances in muscle activity did not imply equally high increments in kinematic variances. We conclude that enhanced muscle cooperation through synergies helps to stabilize movement at the kinematic level when a load is added.

Adaptation of arm movements to a constant force field

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. S33
Author(s):  
V. Squeri ◽  
A. Bisio ◽  
I. Sterpi ◽  
E. Vergaro ◽  
M. Casadio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Constant Force

Developmental Differences in Children's Ballistic Aiming Movements of the Arm

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin H. Yan ◽  
George E. Stelmach ◽  
Katherine T. Thomas ◽  
Jerry R. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Timing Variability ◽  
Movement Performance ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Movement Sequence ◽  
On Line

An experiment was conducted to examine the change in the relation between programming and “on-line” correction as a developmental explanation of children's arm movement performance. Each of 54 children in three age groups (5. 8, and 10 yr.) completed two types of rapid aiming arm movements in the longitudinal plane on the surface of a digitizer. Percent primary submovements and timing variability were dependent variables. Analysis suggested that the 5-yr.-olds used “on-line” monitoring during the arm movement and did not perform the movement sequence as a functional unit. Compared with 8- and 10-yr.-olds, the 5-yr.-olds planned a smaller portion of movements, executed the arm movements with more variability in time to peak velocity. The 8- and 10-yr.-olds appeared to plan their movements and execute the sequence as a unit. The developmental implications were discussed.

scholarly journals A NEURAL-NETWORK-BASED APPROACH TO RECOGNIZING 3D ARM MOVEMENTS

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
MU-CHUN SU ◽  
YU-XIANG ZHAO ◽  
EUGENE LAI
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Hidden Markov Model ◽  
Gesture Recognition ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Hand Gesture ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Gesture recognition is needed for a variety of applications. One particular application of gesture-based systems is to implement a speaking aid for the deaf. Among several factors constituting a hand gesture, the arm movement pattern is one of the most challenging features to recognize. In this paper, we propose a neural-network-based approach to recognition of spatio-temporal patterns of nonlinear 3D arm movements. Compared to Hidden-Markov-Model-based methods, the most appealing property of the proposed method is its simplicity. The effectiveness of this method is evaluated by a database consisted of 10 persons.

scholarly journals The Central Nervous System Does Not Minimize Energy Cost in Arm Movements

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 2985-2994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinant A. Kistemaker ◽  
Jeremy D. Wong ◽  
Paul L. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Minimal Energy ◽  
Null Field ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Point To Point

It has been widely suggested that the many degrees of freedom of the musculoskeletal system may be exploited by the CNS to minimize energy cost. We tested this idea by having subjects making point-to-point movements while grasping a robotic manipulandum. The robot created a force field chosen such that the minimal energy hand path for reaching movements differed substantially from those observed in a null field. The results show that after extended exposure to the force field, subjects continued to move exactly as they did in the null field and thus used substantially more energy than needed. Even after practicing to move along the minimal energy path, subjects did not adapt their freely chosen hand paths to reduce energy expenditure. The results of this study indicate that for point-to-point arm movements minimization of energy cost is not a dominant factor that influences how the CNS arrives at kinematics and associated muscle activation patterns.

Changes in the control of arm position, movement, and thalamic discharge during local inactivation in the globus pallidus of the monkey

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1087-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Inase ◽  
J. A. Buford ◽  
M. E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus

1. To examine the effect of disruption of basal ganglia output on limb stability and movement, muscimol was injected into the internal globus pallidus (GPi) of monkeys trained to make arm movements to visible or remembered targets in a two-dimensional workspace. 2. Injections of as little as 0.25 micrograms muscimol at GPi sites at which pallidal neurons with arm movement activity had been recorded were followed by drift of the contralateral arm within < 10 min. Drift was usually in the flexor direction. Injections at a few sites in or near the external pallidal segment sometimes were followed by extensor drift. 3. Drift was active (accompanied by activation of agonist muscles), but could be overcome by the animal, resulting in an oscillating movement off and on the required position. 4. The pallidal-receiving (PR) area of the thalamus was identified by recording the response of thalamic neurons to stimulation in the globus pallidus. The activity of 15 neurons identified as PR cells (n = 6) or within the PR region was recorded both before and after injection of muscimol into GPi. After the injection, the tonic discharge increased during the hold period in 47% of the cells studied. When postural drift also occurred, there was a close temporal correlation between the postinjection time at which drift occurred and the time at which the tonic discharge rate increased in thalamic neurons that were clearly related to arm movement. 5. The peak velocity of arm movements to visible or remembered visual target locations was decreased after injection of muscimol into GPi, sometimes with an increase in movement time. 6. The firing rate of PR thalamic neurons after injection of muscimol was also increased during the perimovement period. Because of the increase in the tonic discharge rate, however, the phasic movement-related change in activity could stay the same or even decrease. Postinjection changes in this movement-related phasic activity, however, were not necessarily coincident with changes in peak movement velocity. 7. Changes in reaction time were variable after injection of muscimol. In some cases it was increased, and in others decreased. The time of onset of phasic movement-related changes in the activity of PR neurons studied was not altered by the injection. 8. Our data indicate that the tonic inhibitory output of GPi, in particular to the cortical motor areas, is especially important in the maintenance of postural stability. In the absence of normal pallidal output, desired limb position can be achieved on the basis of either current or prior visual cues, but targeted movements are slowed.

Predicting Any Arm Movement Feedback to Induce Three-Dimensional Illusory Movements in Humans

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 949-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Thyrion ◽  
Jean-Pierre Roll
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Human Arm ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Coding Rules ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
2D And 3D

Our sense of body posture and movement is mainly mediated by densely packed populations of tiny mechanoreceptors present in the muscles. Signals triggered in muscle spindles by our own actions contribute crucially to our consciousness of positions and movements by continuously feeding and updating dynamic sensorimotor maps. Deciphering the coding rules whereby the nervous system integrates this proprioceptive information perceptually could help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying kinesthesia. The aim of the present study was to test the validity of a “propriomimetic method” of predicting the proprioceptive streams emitted by each of the muscles involved in two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) arm movements. This method was based on the functional properties of muscle spindle populations previously recorded microneurographically in behaving humans. Ia afferent patterns mimicking those evoked when the “arm–forearm” ensemble is drawing straight lines, graphic symbols, and complex 3D figures were calculated. These simulated patterns were then delivered to the main elbow and shoulder muscle tendons of motionless volunteers via a set of vibrators. Results show that the simulated proprioceptive patterns applied induced, in passive subjects, illusory 2D and 3D arm movements, the trajectories of which were very similar to the expected ones. These simulated patterns can therefore be said to be a substitute for the Ia proprioceptive feedback evoked by any human arm movement and this method can certainly be extended to other musculoskeletal ensembles. The illusory movements induced when these proprioceptive patterns are applied to muscle groups via sets of vibrators may provide useful tools for sensorimotor rehabilitation purposes.

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