scholarly journals Vestibular implants studied in animal models: clinical and scientific implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2777-2788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Vestibular Damage ◽  
The Brain

Damage to the peripheral vestibular system can result in debilitating postural, perceptual, and visual symptoms. A potential new treatment for this clinical problem is to replace some aspects of peripheral vestibular function with an implant that senses head motion and provides this information to the brain by stimulating branches of the vestibular nerve. In this review I consider animal studies performed at our institution over the past 15 years, which have helped elucidate how the brain processes information provided by a vestibular (semicircular canal) implant and how this information could be used to improve the problems experienced by patients with peripheral vestibular damage.

Vestibular Signals in Self-Orientation and Eye Movement Control

Physiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard J. M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Retinal Image ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Head Position ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
The Brain

The central vestibular system receives afferent information about head position as well as rotation and translation. This information is used to prevent blurring of the retinal image but also to control self-orientation and motion in space. Vestibular signal processing in the brain stem appears to be linked to an internal model of head motion in space.

Head Injuries: A New Treatment for the Post-Concussive Syndrome

1947 ◽  
Vol 93 (391) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen S. E. Murray ◽  
H. Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Traumatic Neurosis ◽  
Symptom Complex ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Persistent Disability ◽  
The Brain

Gunshot and shrapnel wounds of the head during the war have produced various disabilities not commonly seen in the injuries of peace-time.The symptom complex which usually appears subsequent to head trauma has become very familiar during the past few years. The resemblance from case to case of certain sequelae to head injuries has been grouped together in syndromes, variously labelled post-concussive syndrome, post-traumatic personality change, post-traumatic neurosis and post-contusional state, all indicating an oft-recurring persistent disability following concussion of the brain.

Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Baglietto-Vargas ◽  
Rahasson R. Ager ◽  
Rodrigo Medeiros ◽  
Frank M. LaFerla
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Brain

The incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD), etc.) are growing rapidly due to increasing life expectancy. Researchers over the past two decades have focused their efforts on the development of animal models to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders. Existing models, however, do not fully replicate the symptomatic and pathological features of human diseases. This chapter focuses on animal models of AD, as this disorder is the most prevalent of the brain degenerative conditions afflicting society. In particular, it briefly discusses the current leading animal models, the translational relevance of the preclinical studies using such models, and the limitations and shortcomings of using animals to model human disease. It concludes with a discussion of potential means to improve future models to better recapitulate human conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Intratympanic Injection of Isosorbide on the Vestibular Function of Animal Models with Endolymphatic Hydrops

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minbum Kim ◽  
So Yeon Yoon ◽  
Hansol Hong ◽  
Hyun Jun Hong
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Endolymphatic Hydrops ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Intratympanic Injection ◽  
New Treatment

Objectives. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of intratympanic injection of isosorbide on the vestibular function in animal models with endolymphatic hydrops and to find a new treatment option for the acute onset of vertigo in Ménière

Animal models for plaque rupture: a biomechanical assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (03) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mat J. Daemen ◽  
Frank J. H. Gijsen ◽  
Kim Van der Heiden ◽  
Ayla Hoogendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Plaque Rupture ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Strength Distribution ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Biomechanical Assessment ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Patient At Risk

SummaryRupture of atherosclerotic plaques is the main cause of acute cardiovascular events. Animal models of plaque rupture are rare but essential for testing new imaging modalities to enable diagnosis of the patient at risk. Moreover, they enable the design of new treatment strategies to prevent plaque rupture. Several animal models for the study of atherosclerosis are available. Plaque rupture in these models only occurs following severe surgical or pharmaceutical intervention. In the process of plaque rupture, composition, biology and mechanics each play a role, but the latter has been disregarded in many animal studies. The biomechanical environment for atherosclerotic plaques is comprised of two parts, the pressure-induced stress distribution, mainly - but not exclusively – influenced by plaque composition, and the strength distribution throughout the plaque, largely determined by the inflammatory state. This environment differs considerably between humans and most animals, resulting in suboptimal conditions for plaque rupture. In this review we describe the role of the biomechanical environment in plaque rupture and assess this environment in animal models that present with plaque rupture.

Autonomic reaction to vestibular damage

1998 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Vestibular Disorders ◽  
Autonomic Reaction ◽  
Monoaminergic Neurons ◽  
Vestibular Damage ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Head Neck

The vestibular system provides inputs to many neurons in the brain stem that participate in autonomic control. This multiplicity of vestibular-autonomic connections plays a variety of roles. Whereas it has been known for decades that unilateral vestibular lesions can result in motion sickness, recent data suggest that the vestibular system participates in making adjustments in blood pressure and respiration that are necessary to maintain homeostasis during movement and changes in posture. Animals with bilateral vestibular lesions are more susceptible to posturally related hypotension than vestibularly intact animals, and it is also possible that orthostatic hypotension after space flight is caused in part by microgravity-related changes in otolith function. Patients with vestibular lesions could also be more vulnerable to respiratory disturbances related to posture, such as obstructive apnea. Vestibular dysfunction has additionally been linked with anxiety disorders, such as agoraphobia, which may result from alteration of vestibular inputs to brain stem monoaminergic neurons (which are known to process these signals). Even sleep disturbances might be connected with vestibular disorders because neurons in the pontine reticular formation that are critical in switching between sleep states may be influenced by labyrinthine inputs. Thus it is likely that vestibular damage will result in a number of parallel disturbances in autonomic function. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:106-12.)

scholarly journals Effect of plant polyphenols on seizures – animal studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Władysław Lasoń ◽  
Monika Leśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Plant Polyphenols ◽  
Antiepileptic Treatment ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Use

SUMMARY Introduction. Flavonoids are a large group of natural compounds that have been considered to be beneficial in ameliorating some age-dependent disorders. However, a potential use of these compounds in epilepsy treatment has not been systematically reviewed. Aim. This review describes the pharmacological activity of some polyphenols (flavonoids) in different animal models of seizures e.g. pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, kainate-induced seizures and pentylenetetrazole kindling in rats. Method and Discussion. A literature review was conducted using PubMed from 1963 to October 2013 relating effects of flavonoids on experimentally-induced seizures in rodents. Articles chosen for references were queried with the following prompts: “flavonoids and epilepsy”, “flavonoids and seizures”, “plant polyphenols and epilepsy”, and “plant polyphenols and seizures”. Out of 84 reports 32 pharmacological studies with chemically well-defined flavonoids and using widely accepted animal models of seizures have been taken into account in this review. No clinical data on the antiepileptic effect of flavonoids have been reported so far. Conclusion. The reviewed data suggest the possible benefits of some chemically well-defined polyphenolic compounds of plant origin in antiepileptic treatment. Among flavonoids, resveratrol, baicalein, quercetin and rutin showed significant antiseizure activity. The ability of flavonoids to prevent brain excitability and to protect the brain against oxidative stress-induced damage suggests a potential use of some flavonoids at least as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of epilepsy.

scholarly journals Context-independent encoding of passive and active self-motion in vestibular afferent fibers during locomotion in primates

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Mackrous ◽  
Jérome Carriot ◽  
Kathleen E. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Direct Proof ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Sensory Coding ◽  
Primate Locomotion ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Efferent Vestibular System

AbstractThe vestibular system detects head motion to coordinate vital reflexes and provide our sense of balance and spatial orientation. A long-standing hypothesis has been that projections from the central vestibular system back to the vestibular sensory organs (i.e., the efferent vestibular system) mediate adaptive sensory coding during voluntary locomotion. However, direct proof for this idea has been lacking. Here we recorded from individual semicircular canal and otolith afferents during walking and running in monkeys. Using a combination of mathematical modeling and nonlinear analysis, we show that afferent encoding is actually identical across passive and active conditions, irrespective of context. Thus, taken together our results are instead consistent with the view that the vestibular periphery relays robust information to the brain during primate locomotion, suggesting that context-dependent modulation instead occurs centrally to ensure that coding is consistent with behavioral goals during locomotion.

Use of Animal Models in Plant Sterol and Stanol Research

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Solati ◽  
Mohammed H Moghadasian
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Plant Stanols ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
Acid Esters

Abstract Cholesterol-lowering properties of plant sterols were reported approximately six decades ago. However, over the past couple of decades we have learnt more about other cardiovascular benefits of regular consumption of plant sterols and/or plant stanols. In particular a series of animal studies has consistently reported that dietary plant sterols and/or plant stanols or their fatty acid esters can reduce atherogenesis to a different extent in different animal models. Such effects may be mediated not only through reductions in LDL cholesterol levels, but also through other mechanisms including anti-inflammatory effects. In this manuscript, various animal models including mice, rabbits, hamsters, and others which have been used to establish cardiovascular benefits of plant sterols are discussed.

Animal models of alcohol use disorder and the brain: From casual drinking to dependence.

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Crowley ◽  
Nigel C. Dao ◽  
Sarah N. Magee ◽  
Alexandre J. Bourcier ◽  
Emily G. Lowery-Gionta
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
The Brain
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