scholarly journals Role of motor execution in the ocular tracking of self-generated movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2586-2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chen ◽  
Matteo Valsecchi ◽  
Karl R. Gegenfurtner
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Mechanical Device ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Motor Intention ◽  
Ocular Tracking ◽  
Pursuit Gain

When human observers track the movements of their own hand with their gaze, the eyes can start moving before the finger (i.e., anticipatory smooth pursuit). The signals driving anticipation could come from motor commands during finger motor execution or from motor intention and decision processes associated with self-initiated movements. For the present study, we built a mechanical device that could move a visual target either in the same direction as the participant's hand or in the opposite direction. Gaze pursuit of the target showed stronger anticipation if it moved in the same direction as the hand compared with the opposite direction, as evidenced by decreased pursuit latency, increased positional lead of the eye relative to target, increased pursuit gain, decreased saccade rate, and decreased delay at the movement reversal. Some degree of anticipation occurred for incongruent pursuit, indicating that there is a role for higher-level movement prediction in pursuit anticipation. The fact that anticipation was larger when target and finger moved in the same direction provides evidence for a direct coupling between finger and eye motor commands.

Executives’ Decision Processes at the Front End of Major Projects: The Role of Context and Experience in Value Creation

2020 ◽  
pp. 875697282097722
Author(s):  
Denise Chenger ◽  
Jaana Woiceshyn
Keyword(s):  
Value Creation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Decision Context ◽  
Front End ◽  
Risk Approach ◽  
Multiple Case

The front end of projects is strategically important; yet, how project concepts are identified, evaluated, and selected at the pre-project stage is poorly understood. This article reports on an inductive multiple-case study of how executives made such decisions in major upstream oil and gas projects. The findings show that in such a high-risk context, often an experienced executive makes these decisions alone and he creates value by facilitating growth. We identified three value-creating decision processes that varied by the executives’ risk approach and decision context. These processes depart from the formal project management prescriptions and the strategic decision-making literature.

scholarly journals The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1644) ◽  
pp. 20130420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Rizzolatti ◽  
Leonardo Fogassi
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Motor Intention ◽  
Similar Motor ◽  
Motor Acts

Mirror neurons are a specific type of visuomotor neuron that discharge both when a monkey executes a motor act and when it observes a similar motor act performed by another individual. In this article, we review first the basic properties of these neurons. We then describe visual features recently investigated which indicate that, besides encoding the goal of motor acts, mirror neurons are modulated by location in space of the observed motor acts, by the perspective from which the others’ motor acts are seen, and by the value associated with the object on which others’ motor acts are performed. In the last part of this article, we discuss the role of the mirror mechanism in planning actions and in understanding the intention underlying the others’ motor acts. We also review some human studies suggesting that motor intention in humans may rely, as in the monkey, on the mirror mechanism.

Does the nervous system depend on kinesthetic information to control natural limb movements?

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Gandevia ◽  
David Burke
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Cutaneous Afferents ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Command Signals ◽  
Kinesthetic Information

Abstract This target article draws together two groups of experimental studies on the control of human movement through peripheral feedback and centrally generated signals of motor commands. First, during natural movement, feedback from muscle, joint, and cutaneous afferents changes; in human subjects these changes have reflex and kinesthetic consequences. Recent psychophysical and microneurographic evidence suggests that joint and even cutaneous afferents may have a proprioceptive role. Second, the role of centrally generated motor commands in the control of normal movements and movements following acute and chronic deafferentation is reviewed. There is increasing evidence that subjects can perceive their motor commands under various conditions, but that this is inadequate for normal movement; deficits in motor performance arise when the reliance on proprioceptive feedback is abolished either experimentally or because of pathology. During natural movement, the CNS appears to have access to functionally useful input from a range of peripheral receptors as well as from internally generated command signals. The unanswered questions that remain suggest a number of avenues for further research.

Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updating reaching movements to a visual target

10.1038/9219 ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Desmurget ◽  
C. M. Epstein ◽  
R. S. Turner ◽  
C. Prablanc ◽  
G. E. Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Posterior Parietal

Role of the medial frontal wall for readiness of motor execution

2009 ◽  
pp. 137-152
Author(s):  
Manabu Inoue ◽  
Yuri Masaoka ◽  
Mitsuru Kawamura ◽  
Yoshiwo Okamoto ◽  
Ikuo Homma
Keyword(s):  
Motor Execution ◽  
Frontal Wall

The role of brachial muscle spindle signals in assignment of visual direction

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1578-1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. DiZio ◽  
C. E. Lathan ◽  
J. R. Lackner
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Muscle Spindle ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Visual Direction ◽  
Muscle Vibration ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
The Stability

1. In the oculobrachial illusion, a target light attached to the unseen stationary hand is perceived as moving and changing spatial position when illusory motion of the forearm is elicited by brachial muscle vibration. Our goal was to see whether we could induce apparent motion and displacement of two retinally fixed targets in opposite directions by the use of oculobrachial illusions. 2. We vibrated both biceps brachii, generating illusory movements of the two forearms in opposite directions, and measured any associated changes in perceived distance between target lights on the unseen stationary hands. The stability of visual fixation of one of the targets was also measured. 3. The seen distance between the stationary targets increased significantly when vibration induced an illusory increase in felt distance between the hands, both with binocular and monocular viewing. 4. Subjects maintained fixation accuracy equally well during vibration-induced illusory increases in visual target separation and in a no-vibration control condition. Fixation errors were not correlated with the extent or direction of illusory visual separation. 5. These findings indicate that brachial muscle spindle signals can contribute to an independent representation of felt target location in head-centric coordinates that can be interrelated with a visual representation of target location generated by retinal and oculomotor signals. 6. A model of how these representations are interrelated is proposed, and its relation to other intersensory interactions is discussed.

Pump, person and Parfit: why the constitutive heart matters

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-393
Author(s):  
Hugh Farrell McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Mechanical Device ◽  
Psychological Continuity ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Internal Component ◽  
Internal Experience ◽  
Over Time

The historical view of the heart as a source and repository of characteristics of individual persons remains prevalent in speech and literature. A more recent scientific view regards the heart as just a replaceable mechanical device, supporting a hydraulic system (the pump-view). To accept the pump-view is to reduce the historical view of the heart, and reference to it, to metaphor. To address whether this conclusion is justified, this paper investigates what constitutes an individual person over time and whether the heart has any role in that constitution. While some physical continuity may be necessary, most philosophers agree that our ‘personal identity’ is conferred through the persistence of ‘psychological’ characteristics predominantly through memory. Memory is constituted through the interplay of external and internal sensory experience—to which the heart is a major contributor. On scientific grounds alone this sensory role for the heart makes the pump-view incomplete. If our persistence as a person reflects the totality of experience codified through memory, and the heart is a central source of the internal component of that experience, then the pump-view is also misleading since the heart plays some constitutive role. More widely, if what fundamentally matters for our survival as persons is just psychological continuity, then the pump-view is irrelevant. While a ‘supportive heart’ may be necessary for continued embodiment, it is on the constitutive role of the heart, as part of a unique internal experience, that our individuation as persons depends.

scholarly journals Naming interlingual homographs: Variable competition and the role of the decision system

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERICA SMITS ◽  
HEIKE MARTENSEN ◽  
TON DIJKSTRA ◽  
DOMINIEK SANDRA
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Stimulus List ◽  
Decision Level ◽  
Response Deadline ◽  
Interlingual Homographs ◽  
Naming Latencies

To investigate decision level processes involved in bilingual word recognition tasks, Dutch–English participants had to name Dutch–English homographs in English. In a stimulus list containing items from both languages, interlingual homographs yielded longer naming latencies, more Dutch responses, and more other errors in both response languages if they had a high-frequency Dutch reading. Dutch naming latencies were slower than or equally slow as English naming latencies. In a stimulus list containing only English words and homographs, there was no homograph effect in naming latencies, although homographs did elicit more errors than control words. The results are interpreted as the consequence of list-induced variability in the competition between lexical items of the two languages involved. In addition, two additional decision processes have to be assumed: a language check, and a response deadline for non-target-language responses.

Insurance as an Integrating Policy Tool for Disaster Management: The Role of Public-Private Partnerships

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-745
Author(s):  
Howard Kunreuther
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
Policy Tool

Insurance can play a key role in facilitating public-private partnerships for dealing with the losses from future natural disasters. This paper proposes a hazard management program, which links insurance with other policy tools and brings together key interested parties concerned with earthquakes. It stresses the importance of identifying and assessing the risk, understanding both the decision processes of individuals in hazard-prone areas and the insurability issues associated with the earthquake risk. A series of policy-related questions raise issues for future research.

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