scholarly journals Increased preparation time reduces, but does not abolish, action history bias of saccadic eye movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 1478-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Reuter ◽  
Welber Marinovic ◽  
Timothy N. Welsh ◽  
Timothy J. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Movement History ◽  
Target Locations ◽  
Dependent Processes

The characteristics of movements are strongly history-dependent. Marinovic et al. (Marinovic W, Poh E, de Rugy A, Carroll TJ. eLife 6: e26713, 2017) showed that past experience influences the execution of limb movements through a combination of temporally stable processes that are strictly use dependent and dynamically evolving and context-dependent processes that reflect prediction of future actions. Here we tested the basis of history-dependent biases for multiple spatiotemporal features of saccadic eye movements under two preparation time conditions (long and short). Twenty people performed saccades to visual targets. To prompt context-specific expectations of most likely target locations, 1 of 12 potential target locations was specified on ~85% of the trials and each remaining target was presented on ~1% trials. In long preparation trials participants were shown the location of the next target 1 s before its presentation onset, whereas in short preparation trials each target was first specified as the cue to move. Saccade reaction times and direction were biased by recent saccade history but according to distinct spatial tuning profiles. Biases were purely expectation related for saccadic reaction times, which increased linearly as the distance from the repeated target location increased when preparation time was short but were similar to all targets when preparation time was long. By contrast, the directions of saccades were biased toward the repeated target in both preparation time conditions, although to a lesser extent when the target location was precued (long preparation). The results suggest that saccade history affects saccade dynamics via both use- and expectation-dependent mechanisms and that movement history has dissociable effects on reaction time and saccadic direction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The characteristics of our movements are influenced not only by concurrent sensory inputs but also by how we have moved in the past. For limb movements, history effects involve both use-dependent processes due strictly to movement repetition and processes that reflect prediction of future actions. Here we show that saccade history also affects saccade dynamics via use- and expectation-dependent mechanisms but that movement history has dissociable effects on saccade reaction time and direction.

scholarly journals Action planning and control under uncertainty emerge through a desirability-driven competition between parallel encoding motor plans

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. e1009429
Author(s):  
Vince Enachescu ◽  
Paul Schrater ◽  
Stefan Schaal ◽  
Vassilios Christopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
Control Under Uncertainty ◽  
And Control ◽  
Target Locations ◽  
The Brain

Living in an uncertain world, nearly all of our decisions are made with some degree of uncertainty about the consequences of actions selected. Although a significant progress has been made in understanding how the sensorimotor system incorporates uncertainty into the decision-making process, the preponderance of studies focus on tasks in which selection and action are two separate processes. First people select among alternative options and then initiate an action to implement the choice. However, we often make decisions during ongoing actions in which the value and availability of the alternatives can change with time and previous actions. The current study aims to decipher how the brain deals with uncertainty in decisions that evolve while acting. To address this question, we trained individuals to perform rapid reaching movements towards two potential targets, where the true target location was revealed only after the movement initiation. We found that reaction time and initial approach direction are correlated, where initial movements towards intermediate locations have longer reaction times than movements that aim directly to the target locations. Interestingly, the association between reaction time and approach direction was independent of the target probability. By modeling the task within a recently proposed neurodynamical framework, we showed that action planning and control under uncertainty emerge through a desirability-driven competition between motor plans that are encoded in parallel.

scholarly journals Saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements trigger equivalent gaze-cued orienting effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1860-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen RH Langton ◽  
Alex H McIntyre ◽  
Peter JB Hancock ◽  
Helmut Leder
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Orienting Effect ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Uncued Target

Research has established that a perceived eye gaze produces a concomitant shift in a viewer’s spatial attention in the direction of that gaze. The two experiments reported here investigate the extent to which the nature of the eye movement made by the gazer contributes to this orienting effect. On each trial in these experiments, participants were asked to make a speeded response to a target that could appear in a location toward which a centrally presented face had just gazed (a cued target) or in a location that was not the recipient of a gaze (an uncued target). The gaze cues consisted of either fast saccadic eye movements or slower smooth pursuit movements. Cued targets were responded to faster than uncued targets, and this gaze-cued orienting effect was found to be equivalent for each type of gaze shift both when the gazes were un-predictive of target location (Experiment 1) and counterpredictive of target location (Experiment 2). The results offer no support for the hypothesis that motion speed modulates gaze-cued orienting. However, they do suggest that motion of the eyes per se, regardless of the type of movement, may be sufficient to trigger an orienting effect.

Decoding the timing and target locations of saccadic eye movements from neuronal activity in macaque oculomotor areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 036014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shogo Ohmae ◽  
Toshimitsu Takahashi ◽  
Xiaofeng Lu ◽  
Yasunori Nishimori ◽  
Yasushi Kodaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Target Locations

Saccadic Eye Movements of Dyslexic and Normal Reading Children

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Biscaldi ◽  
Burkhart Fischer ◽  
Franz Aiple
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Normal Reading ◽  
Single Target ◽  
The Right

Twenty-four children made saccades in five noncognitive tasks. Two standard tasks required saccades to a single target presented randomly 4 deg to the right or left of a fixation point. Three other tasks required sequential saccades from the left to the right. 75 parameters of the eye-movement data were collected for each child. On the basis of their reading, writing, and other cognitive performances, twelve children were considered dyslexic and were divided into two groups (D1 and D2). Group statistical comparisons revealed significant differences between control and dyslexic subjects. In general, in the standard tasks the dyslexic subjects had poorer fixation quality, failed more often to hit the target at once, had smaller primary saccades, and had shorter reaction times to the left as compared with the control group. The control group and group D1 dyslexics showed an asymmetrical distribution of reaction times, but in opposite directions. Group D2 dyslexics made more anticipatory and express saccades, they undershot the target more often in comparison with the control group, and almost never overshot it. In the sequential tasks group D1 subjects made fewer and larger saccades in a shorter time and group D2 subjects had shorter fixation durations than the subjects of the control group.

scholarly journals Temporary Inactivation in the Primate Motor Thalamus During Visually Triggered and Internally Generated Limb Movements

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 2780-2790 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. van Donkelaar ◽  
J. F. Stein ◽  
R. E. Passingham ◽  
R. C. Miall
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Motor Thalamus ◽  
Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus ◽  
Area X ◽  
Lateral Nucleus

To better understand the contribution of cerebellar- and basal ganglia-receiving areas of the thalamus [ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis (VPLo), area X, ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis (VLo), or ventral anterior nucleus, pars parvicellularis (VApc)] to movements based on external versus internal cues, we temporarily inactivated these individual nuclei in two monkeys trained to make visually triggered (VT) and internally generated (IG) limb movements. Infusions of lignocaine centered within VPLo caused hemiplegia during which movements of the contralateral arm rarely were performed in either task for a short period of time (∼5–30 min). When VT responses were produced, they had prolonged reaction times and movement times and a higher incidence of trajectory abnormalities compared with responses produced during the preinfusion baseline period. In contrast, those IG responses that were produced remained relatively normal. Infusions centered within area X never caused hemiplegia. The only deficits observed were an increase in reaction time and movement amplitude variability and a higher incidence of trajectory abnormalities during VT trials. Every other aspect of both the VT and IG movements remained unchanged. Infusions centered within VLo reduced the number of movements attempted during each block of trials. This did not appear to be due to hemiplegia, however, as voluntary movements easily could be elicited outside of the trained tasks. The other main deficit resulting from inactivation of VLo was an increased reaction time in the VT task. Finally, infusions centered within VApc caused IG movements to become slower and smaller in amplitude, whereas VT movements remained unchanged. Control infusions with saline did not cause any consistent deficits. This pattern of results implies that VPLo and VLo play a role in the production of movements in general regardless of the context under which they are performed. They also suggest that VPLo contributes more specifically to the execution of movements that are visually triggered and guided, whereas area X contributes specifically to the initiation of such movements. In contrast, VApc appears to play a role in the execution of movements based on internal cues. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that specific subcircuits within the cerebello- and basal ganglio-thalamo-cortical systems preferentially contribute to movements based on external versus internal cues.

scholarly journals Changes in the Response Rate and Response Variability of Area V4 Neurons During the Preparation of Saccadic Eye Movements

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Steinmetz ◽  
Tirin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Area V4 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
V4 Neurons ◽  
Saccade Preparation

The visually driven responses of macaque area V4 neurons are modulated during the preparation of saccadic eye movements, but the relationship between presaccadic modulation in area V4 and saccade preparation is poorly understood. Recent neurophysiological studies suggest that the variability across trials of spiking responses provides a more reliable signature of motor preparation than mean firing rate across trials. We compared the dynamics of the response rate and the variability in the rate across trials for area V4 neurons during the preparation of visually guided saccades. As in previous reports, we found that the mean firing rate of V4 neurons was enhanced when saccades were prepared to stimuli within a neuron's receptive field (RF) in comparison with saccades to a non-RF location. Further, we found robust decreases in response variability prior to saccades and found that these decreases predicted saccadic reaction times for saccades both to RF and non-RF stimuli. Importantly, response variability predicted reaction time whether or not there were any accompanying changes in mean firing rate. In addition to predicting saccade direction, the mean firing rate could also predict reaction time, but only for saccades directed to the RF stimuli. These results demonstrate that response variability of area V4 neurons, like mean response rate, provides a signature of saccade preparation. However, the two signatures reflect complementary aspects of that preparation.

Saccadic eye movements and finger reaction times of table tennis players of different levels

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Lenoir ◽  
Luc Crevits ◽  
Maarten Goethals ◽  
Peter Duyck ◽  
Joanne Wildenbeest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Failure to use corollary discharge to remap visual target locations is associated with psychotic symptom severity in schizophrenia

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 1129-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Rösler ◽  
Martin Rolfs ◽  
Stefan van der Stigchel ◽  
Sebastiaan F. W. Neggers ◽  
Wiepke Cahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Visual Stability ◽  
Target Locations

Corollary discharge (CD) refers to “copies” of motor signals sent to sensory areas, allowing prediction of future sensory states. They enable the putative mechanisms supporting the distinction between self-generated and externally generated sensations. Accordingly, many authors have suggested that disturbed CD engenders psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia, which are characterized by agency distortions. CD also supports perceived visual stability across saccadic eye movements and is used to predict the postsaccadic retinal coordinates of visual stimuli, a process called remapping. We tested whether schizophrenia patients (SZP) show remapping disturbances as evidenced by systematic transsaccadic mislocalizations of visual targets. SZP and healthy controls (HC) performed a task in which a saccadic target disappeared upon saccade initiation and, after a brief delay, reappeared at a horizontally displaced position. HC judged the direction of this displacement accurately, despite spatial errors in saccade landing site, indicating that their comparison of the actual to predicted postsaccadic target location relied on accurate CD. SZP performed worse and relied more on saccade landing site as a proxy for the presaccadic target, consistent with disturbed CD. This remapping failure was strongest in patients with more severe psychotic symptoms, consistent with the theoretical link between disturbed CD and phenomenological experiences in schizophrenia.

Temperament and attentional focus: Reaction time indicators of bias and cue salience

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Spievak ◽  
Anne M. Murtagh
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Cue Salience ◽  
Trial Participants

This study was designed to test and extend prior work that linked personality variables, incentive cues and target detection reaction times. Participants completed a task in which they believed they might gain or lose points, depending upon the target location and their reaction time. After each trial, participants received a randomly generated positive or negative "feedback" message. Those higher in neuroticism showed shorter reaction times on trials following positive feedback. Participants higher in neuroticism and trait anxiety and those with lower scores for self-esteem and venturesomeness were more attentive to point-loss cues. Response times were longer for those who scored higher in trait anxiety and lower in self-esteem. Implications for understanding individual differences in attention and feedback response are discussed.

scholarly journals Learning to search. The importance of eye movements in the decrease of response times during a visual choice reaction time task

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kroll ◽  
Monika Mak ◽  
Jerzy Samochowiec
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Target Searching

Reaction times are often used as an indicator of the efficiency of the processes in thecentral nervous system. While extensive research has been conducted on the possibleresponse time correlates, the role of eye movements in visual tasks is yet unclear. Here wereport data to support the role of eye movements during visual choice reaction time training.Participant performance, reaction times, and total session duration improved. Eyemovementsshowed expected changes in saccade amplitude and resulted in improvementin visual target searching.

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