scholarly journals Vibrissa Movement Elicited by Rhythmic Electrical Microstimulation to Motor Cortex in the Aroused Rat Mimics Exploratory Whisking

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 2950-2963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune W. Berg ◽  
David Kleinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Design Of Algorithms ◽  
Electrical Microstimulation ◽  
Tactile Localization ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Extrinsic Muscles

The rhythmic motor activity of the vibrissae that rodents use for the tactile localization of objects provides a model system for understanding patterned motor activity in mammals. Evidence suggests that neural circuitry in the brain stem provides rhythmic drive to the vibrissae. Yet multiple brain structures at higher levels of organization, including vibrissa primary motor cortex (M1), have direct projections to brain stem nuclei that are implicated in whisking. We thus asked whether output from M1 can control vibrissa movement on the approximately 10-Hz scale of the natural rhythmic movement of the vibrissae. Our assay of cortical control made use of periodic intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) to excite a region of vibrissa M1 cortex in awake, behaving animals and measurements of the stimulus-locked electromyogram (EMG) in both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that drive the vibrissae. We observed that ICMS evoked a prompt activation of the extrinsic muscles and a delayed and prolonged response in the intrinsic muscles. The relative timing and shape of these waveforms approximates the EMG waveforms seen during natural exploratory whisking. We further observed prompt activation of the intrinsic muscles, an occurrence not seen during exploratory whisking. Despite the latter difference in muscular activation, the motion of the vibrissae evoked by periodic ICMS strongly resembled the motion during natural, exploratory whisking. Interestingly, the extent of the movement was proportional to the level of arousal, as quantified by the amplitude of hippocampal activity in the theta frequency band. We interpret these data as demonstrating that M1 cortex can, in principle, initiate the full pattern of whisking on a cycle-by-cycle basis in aroused animals. Beyond issues of natural motor control, our result may bear on the design of algorithms for neuroprosthetic control of motor output.

scholarly journals Rhythmic Whisking by Rat: Retraction as Well as Protraction of the Vibrissae Is Under Active Muscular Control

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune W. Berg ◽  
David Kleinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Frequent Pattern ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Tactile Localization ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Extrinsic Muscles

The rhythmic motor activity of the vibrissae that rodents use for the tactile localization of objects provides a model system for understanding patterned motor activity in mammals. The muscles that drive this whisking are only partially fixed relative to bony attachments and thus shift their position along with the movement. As a means to characterize the pattern of muscular dynamics during different patterns of whisking, we recorded electromyogram (EMG) activity from the muscles that propel individual follicles, as well as EMG activity from a muscle group that moves the mystacial pad. The dominant pattern of whisking in our behavioral paradigm, referred to as exploratory whisking, consisted of large amplitude sweeps in the frequency range of 5–15 Hz. The frequency remained remarkably constant within a bout of whisking but changed values between bouts. The extrinsic musculature, which shifts the surface of the pad backwards, was found to be activated in approximate antiphase to that of the intrinsic muscles, which rotate individual vibrissae forward. Thus retraction of the vibrissae was driven by a backward shift in the attachment point of the follicles to the mystacial pad. In a less frequent pattern of whisking, referred to as foveal whisking, the vibrissae are thrust forward and palpate objects with low-amplitude movements that are in the higher frequency range of 15–25 Hz. Protraction of the vibrissae remains driven by the intrinsic muscles, while retraction in this pattern is largely passive. Interestingly, a mechanical argument suggests that activation of the extrinsic muscles during foveal whisking is not expected to affect the angle of the vibrissae. As a means to establish if the phasic control of the intrinsic versus extrinsic muscles depended on sensory feedback, we characterized whisking before and after bilateral transections of the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal sensory nerve. The loss of sensory feedback had no net effect on the antiphase relation between activation of the intrinsic versus extrinsic muscles over the full frequency range for exploratory whisking. These data point to the existence of a dual-phase central pattern generator that drives the vibrissae.

Does Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Induce Changes in Peripheral Physiology?

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S33-S33
Author(s):  
S. Lehto
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Competing Interest

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that has evoked increasing interest during the past years. The most common form of tES, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is considered to modulate neuronal resting potentials. For example, anodal stimulation over motor cortex appears to lead to increased neuronal excitability under the stimulation electrodes. However, some recent findings suggest that the effects of tDCS extend beyond the cortical areas under the electrodes, to deeper brain structures such as the midbrain. The brain also actively regulates peripheral physiology. Thus, changes in brain activity following tES may lead to modulation of peripheral physiology. For example, tDCS targeting primary motor cortex has been observed to induce changes in peripheral glucose metabolism. Furthermore, stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to lead to alterations in cortisol secretion and the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Unpublished findings from our group corroborate with the above observations. Nevertheless, the evidence regarding peripheral effects of tES remains limited. Investigating such possible effects may be relevant especially from the point of view of tES safety and potential therapeutic discoveries.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Involuntary Motor Activity in Pianists Evoked by Music Perception

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 786-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Haueisen ◽  
Thomas R. Knösche
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Surface Current ◽  
Piano Music ◽  
Surface Current Density ◽  
Motor Activation ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Contralateral Motor

Pianists often report that pure listening to a well-trained piece of music can involuntarily trigger the respective finger movements. We designed a magnetoencephalography (MEG) experiment to compare the motor activation in pianists and nonpianists while listening to piano pieces. For pianists, we found a statistically significant increase of activity above the region of the contralateral motor cortex. Brain surface current density (BSCD) reconstructions revealed a spatial dissociation of this activity between notes preferably played by the thumb and the little finger according to the motor homunculus. Hence, we could demonstrate that pianists, when listening to well-trained piano music, exhibit involuntary motor activity involving the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1).

scholarly journals Isolated Complete Tongue Paralysis as a Manifestation of Focal Cortical Infarction

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
You-Ri Kang ◽  
Han-Sol Choi ◽  
Hyeon-Joong Park ◽  
Shina Kim ◽  
Kyung-Ho Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Hypoglossal Nerve ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Unilateral Lesion ◽  
Cortical Infarction ◽  
Significant Deficit ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles

Although isolated contralateral tongue deviation following unilateral cortical infarction was occasionally reported, the unilateral lesion usually produces no significant deficit of tongue motility considering bilateral supranuclear innervation of the hypoglossal nerve. We observed a patient with obvious tongue paralysis, including intrinsic muscles, caused by ischemic stroke involving the motor area of the tongue in the primary motor cortex.

scholarly journals Postoperative migration of motor activity in low-grade glioma resection: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Nascimento Monteiro ◽  
Marcella Braz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Glioma Resection

Introduction: Compensatory mechanisms resulting from the phenomenon of neuroplasticity are present in patients with neuroepithelial tumors, such as lowgrade gliomas (LGG). In the case of tumors located in the primary motor cortex, neural reorganization of motor activity to other areas of the brain may favor the maintenance of motor activity and avoid neurological deficits. Thus, this study sought to assess the movement of motor activity in patients with LGG. Materials and Methods: The search strategy used medical subject headings and text words related to neuroplasticity, LGG, and primary motor cortex. The PubMed and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde databases were used. The search of articles was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021, and there was no time limit regarding article eligibility. Results: Four studies were included following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The contralateral motor and supplementary areas were the most active areas reported in the postoperative period. Given that this was a retrospective study, it did not demonstrate migration of motor activity, making surgical resection unfeasible. Conclusion: Knowing where motor function migration frequently occurs in patients with LGG is useful to optimize the resection of these tumors without inducing neurological deficits, thereby increasing the quality of resection in critical areas, such as the primary motor cortex.

Location of Primary Motor Cortex Function in Cerebral Migration Disorder

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 769
Author(s):  
Ho Kyu Lee ◽  
Jin Suh Kim ◽  
Youn Mee Hwang ◽  
Myung Joon Lee ◽  
Soo Mee Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Migration Disorder
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