Visuomotor Sensitivity to Visual Information About Surface Orientation

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1350-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Knill ◽  
Daniel Kersten
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Surface Slant ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Perceptual Systems

We measured human visuomotor sensitivity to visual information about three-dimensional surface orientation by analyzing movements made to place an object on a slanted surface. We applied linear discriminant analysis to the kinematics of subjects' movements to surfaces with differing slants (angle away form the fronto-parallel) to derive visuomotor d′s for discriminating surfaces differing in slant by 5°. Subjects' visuomotor sensitivity to information about surface orientation was very high, with discrimination “thresholds” ranging from 2 to 3 degrees. In a first experiment, we found that subjects performed only slightly better using binocular cues alone than monocular texture cues and that they showed only weak evidence for combining the cues when both were available, suggesting that monocular cues can be just as effective in guiding motor behavior in depth as binocular cues. In a second experiment, we measured subjects' perceptual discrimination and visuomotor thresholds in equivalent stimulus conditions to decompose visuomotor sensitivity into perceptual and motor components. Subjects' visuomotor thresholds were found to be slightly greater than their perceptual thresholds for a range of memory delays, from 1 to 3 s. The data were consistent with a model in which perceptual noise increases with increasing delay between stimulus presentation and movement initiation, but motor noise remains constant. This result suggests that visuomotor and perceptual systems rely on the same visual estimates of surface slant for memory delays ranging from 1 to 3 s.

scholarly journals Integration of texture and disparity cues to surface slant in dorsal visual cortex

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan P. Murphy ◽  
Hiroshi Ban ◽  
Andrew E. Welchman
Keyword(s):  
Single Neuron ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Surface Slant ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

Reliable estimation of three-dimensional (3D) surface orientation is critical for recognizing and interacting with complex 3D objects in our environment. Human observers maximize the reliability of their estimates of surface slant by integrating multiple depth cues. Texture and binocular disparity are two such cues, but they are qualitatively very different. Existing evidence suggests that representations of surface tilt from each of these cues coincide at the single-neuron level in higher cortical areas. However, the cortical circuits responsible for 1) integration of such qualitatively distinct cues and 2) encoding the slant component of surface orientation have not been assessed. We tested for cortical responses related to slanted plane stimuli that were defined independently by texture, disparity, and combinations of these two cues. We analyzed the discriminability of functional MRI responses to two slant angles using multivariate pattern classification. Responses in visual area V3B/KO to stimuli containing congruent cues were more discriminable than those elicited by single cues, in line with predictions based on the fusion of slant estimates from component cues. This improvement was specific to congruent combinations of cues: incongruent cues yielded lower decoding accuracies, which suggests the robust use of individual cues in cases of large cue conflicts. These data suggest that area V3B/KO is intricately involved in the integration of qualitatively dissimilar depth cues.

scholarly journals A comparison of visuomotor cue integration strategies for object placement and prehension

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAL S. GREENWALD ◽  
DAVID C. KNILL
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Cue Integration ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Integration Strategies

AbstractVisual cue integration strategies are known to depend on cue reliability and how rapidly the visual system processes incoming information. We investigated whether these strategies also depend on differences in the information demands for different natural tasks. Using two common goal-oriented tasks, prehension and object placement, we determined whether monocular and binocular information influence estimates of three-dimensional (3D) orientation differently depending on task demands. Both tasks rely on accurate 3D orientation estimates, but 3D position is potentially more important for grasping. Subjects placed an object on or picked up a disc in a virtual environment. On some trials, the monocular cues (aspect ratio and texture compression) and binocular cues (e.g., binocular disparity) suggested slightly different 3D orientations for the disc; these conflicts either were present upon initial stimulus presentation or were introduced after movement initiation, which allowed us to quantify how information from the cues accumulated over time. We analyzed the time-varying orientations of subjects’ fingers in the grasping task and those of the object in the object placement task to quantify how different visual cues influenced motor control. In the first experiment, different subjects performed each task, and those performing the grasping task relied on binocular information more when orienting their hands than those performing the object placement task. When subjects in the second experiment performed both tasks in interleaved sessions, binocular cues were still more influential during grasping than object placement, and the different cue integration strategies observed for each task in isolation were maintained. In both experiments, the temporal analyses showed that subjects processed binocular information faster than monocular information, but task demands did not affect the time course of cue processing. How one uses visual cues for motor control depends on the task being performed, although how quickly the information is processed appears to be task invariant.

scholarly journals The Use of Right Angle Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Distinguish the Botanical Origin of Greek Common Honey Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4047
Author(s):  
Marinos Xagoraris ◽  
Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou ◽  
Eleftherios Alissandrakis ◽  
Petros A. Tarantilis ◽  
Christos S. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Excitation Wavelength ◽  
Botanical Origin ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Classification Score ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acids ◽  
Unifloral Honey ◽  
Novel Method

The standardization of the botanical origin of honey reflects the commercial value and quality of honey. Nowadays, most consumers are looking for a unifloral honey. The aim of the present study was to develop a novel method for honey classification using chemometric models based on phenolic compounds analyzed with right angle fluorescence spectroscopy, coupled with stepwise linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The deconstructed spectrum from three-dimensional-emission excitation matrix (3D-EEM) spectra provided a correct classification score of 94.9% calibration and cross-validation at an excitation wavelength (λex) of 330 nm. Subsequently, a score of 81.4% and 79.7%, respectively, at an excitation wavelength (λex) of 360 nm was achieved. Each chemometric model confirmed its power through the external validation with a score of 82.1% for both. Differentiation could be correlated with hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, which absorb in this region of the spectrum. Fluorescence spectroscopy constitutes a rapid and sensitive technique, which, when combined with the stepwise algorithm and LDA method, can be used as a reliable and predictive authentication tool for honey. This study indicates that the developed methodology is a promising technique for determination of the botanical origin of common Greek honey varieties. Our long-term ambition is to support producers and suppliers to remain in a competitive national and international market.

Audiovisual Equivalence of Stimuli in Acquisition of Associations at Two Reading Levels

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1271-1274
Author(s):  
Robert M. Alworth
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Delayed Presentation ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Reading Levels ◽  
Average Readers ◽  
Element Sequence ◽  
Below Average Readers

This research was intended to investigate the difficulty experienced by retarded readers in acquiring associations between auditory and visual information. First- and second-grade above- and below-average readers ( ns = 41, 42) were presented paired-associate tasks involving: (a) simultaneous and delayed stimulus presentation, (b) visual-visual and visual-auditory stimuli, and (c) stimuli in which within-stimulus element sequence was and was not relevant in determining the associated response. Inferior paired-associate learning was noted in below-average readers, delayed-presentation tasks, and sequence-relevant tasks. No significant interactions were noted.

scholarly journals Cuttlefish use stereopsis to strike at prey

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. eaay6036 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Feord ◽  
M. E. Sumner ◽  
S. Pusdekar ◽  
L. Kalra ◽  
P. T. Gonzalez-Bellido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Information Processing ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Cephalopod Species ◽  
Left And Right

The camera-type eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods exhibit remarkable convergence, but it is currently unknown whether the mechanisms for visual information processing in these brains, which exhibit wildly disparate architecture, are also shared. To investigate stereopsis in a cephalopod species, we affixed “anaglyph” glasses to cuttlefish and used a three-dimensional perception paradigm. We show that (i) cuttlefish have also evolved stereopsis (i.e., the ability to extract depth information from the disparity between left and right visual fields); (ii) when stereopsis information is intact, the time and distance covered before striking at a target are shorter; (iii) stereopsis in cuttlefish works differently to vertebrates, as cuttlefish can extract stereopsis cues from anticorrelated stimuli. These findings demonstrate that although there is convergent evolution in depth computation, cuttlefish stereopsis is likely afforded by a different algorithm than in humans, and not just a different implementation.

scholarly journals Making the World Behave: A New Embodied Account on Mobile Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umay Sen ◽  
Gustaf Gredebäck
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
The World ◽  
Sensorimotor Contingencies

In this review article, we describe the mobile paradigm, a method used for more than 50 years to assess how infants learn and remember sensorimotor contingencies. The literature on the mobile paradigm demonstrates that infants below 6 months of age can remember the learning environment weeks after when reminded periodically and integrate temporally distributed information across modalities. The latter ability is only possible if events occur within a temporal window of a few days, and the width of this required window changes as a function of age. A major critique of these conclusions is that the majority of this literature has neglected the embodied experience, such that motor behavior was considered an equivalent developmental substitute for verbal behavior. Over recent years, simulation and empirical work have highlighted the sensorimotor aspect and opened up a discussion for possible learning mechanisms and variability in motor preferences of young infants. In line with this recent direction, we present a new embodied account on the mobile paradigm which argues that learning sensorimotor contingencies is a core feature of development forming the basis for active exploration of the world and body. In addition to better explaining recent findings, this new framework aims to replace the dis-embodied approach to the mobile paradigm with a new understanding that focuses on variance and representations grounded in sensorimotor experience. Finally, we discuss a potential role for the dorsal stream which might be responsible for guiding action according to visual information, while infants learn sensorimotor contingencies in the mobile paradigm.

scholarly journals Imagens táteis tridimensionais: um modelo para a tradução tátil a partir de imagens estáticas bidimensionais | Three-dimensional tactile images: a model for tactile translation from two-dimensional static images

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-252
Author(s):  
Emilia Christie Picelli Sanches ◽  
Claudia Mara Scudelari Macedo ◽  
Juliana Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Information Design ◽  
Blind People ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Visual Content ◽  
Tactile Sense ◽  
Digital Modelling ◽  
Static Images

A acessibilidade na educação de pessoas cegas é um direito que deve ser cumprido. Levando-se em consideração que o design da informação almeja transmitir uma informação de forma efetiva ao receptor, e que uma imagem estática precisa ser adaptada para que um aluno cego tenha acesso a esse conteúdo visual, propõe-se uma maneira de traduzir a informação visual para o tátil. O propósito deste artigo, então, é apresentar um modelo para tradução de imagens estáticas bidimensionais em imagens táteis tridimensionais. Por isso, parte de uma breve revisão da literatura sobre cegueira, percepção tátil e imagens táteis. Na sequência, apresenta o modelo de tradução em três partes: (1) recomendações da literatura; (2) estrutura e (3) modelo preliminar para teste. Depois, descreve o teste do modelo realizado com dois designers com habilidades de modelagem digital (potenciais usuários). Como resultado dos testes, obtiveram-se duas modelagens distintas, uma utilizando da elevação e outra utilizando texturas, porém, os dois participantes realizaram com sucesso a tarefa pretendida. Ainda, a partir dos resultados dos obtidos, também, foi possível perceber falhas no modelo que necessitam ser ajustadas para as próximas etapas da pesquisa.+++++Accessibility in education of blind people is a right that must be fulfilled. Considering that information design aims to transmit an information in an effective way to the receiver, and that a static image needs to be adapted so that a blind student can have access to this visual content, it is proposed a way to translate the visual information to the tactile sense. The purpose of this paper is to present a translating model of static two-dimensional images into three-dimensional tactile images. First, it starts from a brief literature review aboutblindness, tactile perception and tactile images. Second, it presents the translating model in three sections: (1) literature recommendations; (2) structure and (3) finished model for testing. Then, it describes the tests with the model and two designers with digital modelling abilities (potential users). As a result from the tests, two distinct models were obtained, one using elevation and other using textures, although, both participants successfully made the intended task. Also from the test results, it was possible to perceive flaws on the model that need to be adjusted for the next steps of the research.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Automated Assessment of the Distal Radioulnar Joint Morphology According to Sigmoid Notch Surface Orientation

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1083.e1-1083.e11
Author(s):  
Simon Roner ◽  
Philipp Fürnstahl ◽  
Anne-Gita Scheibler ◽  
Reto Sutter ◽  
Ladislav Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Distal Radioulnar Joint ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Automated Assessment ◽  
Radioulnar Joint ◽  
Sigmoid Notch ◽  
Joint Morphology

A method for determining three-dimensional surface orientation of objects with textures

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Koichi Shinmoto ◽  
Tsunenori Honda ◽  
Shun'Ichi Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Dimensional Surface

Three-dimensional visuo-motor control of saccades

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard J. M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Engineering Problem ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Listing's Law ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
Listing’S Law

Although the motion of the line of sight is a straightforward consequence of a particular rotation of the eye, it is much trickier to predict the rotation underlying a particular motion of the line of sight in accordance with Listing's law. Helmholtz's notion of the direction-circle together with the notion of primary and secondary reference directions in visual space provide an elegant solution to this reverse engineering problem, which the brain is faced with whenever generating a saccade. To test whether these notions indeed apply for saccades, we analyzed three-dimensional eye movements recorded in four rhesus monkeys. We found that on average saccade trajectories closely matched with the associated direction-circles. Torsional, vertical, and horizontal eye position of saccades scattered around the position predicted by the associated direction-circles with standard deviations of 0.5°, 0.3°, and 0.4°, respectively. Comparison of saccade trajectories with the likewise predicted fixed-axis rotations yielded mean coefficients of determinations (±SD) of 0.72 (±0.26) for torsion, 0.97 (±0.10) for vertical, and 0.96 (±0.11) for horizontal eye position. Reverse engineering of three-dimensional saccadic rotations based on visual information suggests that motor control of saccades, compatible with Listing's law, not only uses information on the fixation directions at saccade onset and offset but also relies on the computation of secondary reference positions that vary from saccade to saccade.

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