scholarly journals The interaction of postural and voluntary strategies for stability in Parkinson's disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 1244-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea C. de Lima-Pardini ◽  
Selma Papegaaij ◽  
Rajal G. Cohen ◽  
Luis A. Teixeira ◽  
Beth A. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Down Low ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Flat Side ◽  
Postural Responses ◽  
Low Constraint ◽  
Hip Flexion

This study assessed the effects of stability constraints of a voluntary task on postural responses to an external perturbation in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy elderly participants. Eleven PD subjects and twelve control subjects were perturbed with backward surface translations while standing and performing two versions of a voluntary task: holding a tray with a cylinder placed with the flat side down [low constraint (LC)] or with the rolling, round side down [high constraint (HC)]. Participants performed alternating blocks of LC and HC trials. PD participants accomplished the voluntary task as well as control subjects, showing slower tray velocity in the HC condition compared with the LC condition. However, the latency of postural responses was longer in the HC condition only for control subjects. Control subjects presented different patterns of hip-shoulder coordination as a function of task constraint, whereas PD subjects had a relatively invariant pattern. Initiating the experiment with the HC task led to 1) decreased postural stability in PD subjects only and 2) reduced peak hip flexion in control subjects only. These results suggest that PD impairs the capacity to adapt postural responses to constraints imposed by a voluntary task.

scholarly journals Effects of spinal cord stimulation on postural control in Parkinson's disease patients with freezing of gait

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cristina de Lima-Pardini ◽  
Daniel Boari Coelho ◽  
Carolina Pinto Souza ◽  
Carolina Oliveira Souza ◽  
Maria Gabriela dos Santos Ghilardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Freezing Of Gait ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Postural Adjustment ◽  
Postural Responses ◽  
Upper Thoracic

Freezing of gait (FoG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an incapacitating transient phenomenon, followed by continuous postural disorders. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a promising intervention for FoG in patients with PD, however, its effects on distinct domains of postural control is not well known. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of SCS on FoG and distinct domains of postural control. Four patients with FoG were implanted with SCS systems in the upper thoracic spine. Anticipatory postural adjustment (APA), reactive postural responses, gait and FoG were biomechanically assessed. In general, the results showed that SCS improved FoG and APA. However, SCS failed to improve reactive postural responses. SCS seems to influence cortical motor circuits, involving the supplementary motor area. On the other hand, reactive posture control to external perturbation that mainly relies on neuronal circuitries involving the brainstem and spinal cord, is less influenced by SCS.

scholarly journals Fibroblasts from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease exhibit deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase activity associated with reduced levels of the trafficking receptor LIMP2

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ria Thomas ◽  
Elizabeth B. Moloney ◽  
Zachary K. Macbain ◽  
Penelope J. Hallett ◽  
Ole Isacson
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Lysosomal Hydrolase ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Er Retention ◽  
Trafficking Receptor ◽  
N370s Mutation

AbstractLysosomal dysfunction is a central pathway associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Haploinsufficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase GBA (encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase)) is one of the largest genetic risk factors for developing PD. Deficiencies in the activity of the GCase enzyme have been observed in human tissues from both genetic (harboring mutations in the GBA gene) and idiopathic forms of the disease. To understand the mechanisms behind the deficits of lysosomal GCase enzyme activity in idiopathic PD, this study utilized a large cohort of fibroblast cells from control subjects and PD patients with and without mutations in the GBA gene (N370S mutation) (control, n = 15; idiopathic PD, n = 31; PD with GBA N370S mutation, n = 6). The current data demonstrates that idiopathic PD fibroblasts devoid of any mutations in the GBA gene also exhibit reduction in lysosomal GCase activity, similar to those with the GBA N370S mutation. This reduced GCase enzyme activity in idiopathic PD cells was accompanied by decreased expression of the GBA trafficking receptor, LIMP2, and increased ER retention of the GBA protein in these cells. Importantly, in idiopathic PD fibroblasts LIMP2 protein levels correlated significantly with GCase activity, which was not the case in control subjects or in genetic PD GBA N370S cells. In conclusion, idiopathic PD fibroblasts have decreased GCase activity primarily driven by altered LIMP2-mediated transport of GBA to lysosome and the reduced GCase activity exhibited by  the genetic GBA N370S derived PD fibroblasts occurs through a different mechanism.

scholarly journals The Cognition of Maximal Reach Distance in Parkinson’s Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Satoru Otsuki ◽  
Masanori Nagaoka
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Distance Error ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Disease Rating

This study aimed to investigate whether the cognition of spatial distance in reaching movements was decreased in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and whether this cognition was associated with various symptoms of PD. Estimated and actual maximal reaching distances were measured in three directions in PD patients and healthy elderly volunteers. Differences between estimated and actual measurements were compared within each group. In the PD patients, the associations between “error in cognition” of reaching distance and “clinical findings” were also examined. The results showed that no differences were observed in any values regardless of dominance of hand and severity of symptoms. The differences between the estimated and actual measurements were negatively deviated in the PD patients, indicating that they tended to underestimate reaching distance. “Error in cognition” of reaching distance correlated with the items of posture in the motor section of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. This suggests that, in PD patients, postural deviation and postural instability might affect the cognition of the distance from a target object.

Influence of Consanguinity and Medication on the Development of Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tufail ◽  
Ishtiaq Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Familial Cases ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The disease is more prevalent in aged individuals compared to young ones. <b><i>Aim:</i></b> The present study aimed to investigate the factors associated with PD in the population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, the questionnaire was filled from 600 PD patients, which include 54 familial cases, and 1,200 control subjects. To study the risk of PD in familial cases, questionnaires were also filled from the cases and controls. <b><i>Results:</i></b> This study revealed that depression symptomology is common in PD patients. Moreover, the risk of PD was higher in patients with consanguineous marriages compare to controls (OR = 3.96, 95% Cl = 1.98–7.89). The first-degree relatives (59.3%) of PD patients are more likely to develop PD compared to a second- (29.5%) or third-degree (11.1%) relatives. Furthermore, the risk of PD is higher in individuals whose parents get married to first-cousin (OR: 4.76, 95% Cl: 1.81–12.5) than second- (OR: 1.34, 95% Cl: 0.54–3.32) or third-cousin marriages (OR = 0.18, 95% Cl: 0.06–0.49). Moreover, the use of paracetamol (OR: 0.39; 95% Cl: 0.25–0.59) and ibuprofen (OR: 0.35; 95% Cl: 0.17–0.70) were higher in control subjects. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study concludes that consanguineous marriages and first-degree relation with PD patients increase the risk of PD, while the use of certain medications may decrease the risk of PD. Further study is warranted in a population of Pakistan.

Effect of Different Intensities of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Postural Response to External Perturbation in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019
Author(s):  
Victor Spiandor Beretta ◽  
Rodrigo Vitório ◽  
Priscila Nóbrega-Sousa ◽  
Núbia Ribeiro Conceição ◽  
Diego Orcioli-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Anodal Tdcs ◽  
Postural Response ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Sham Condition

Background Habituation of postural response to perturbations is impaired in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) due to deficits in cortico-basal pathways. Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulate cortico-basal networks, it remains unclear if it can benefit postural control in PD. Objective To analyze the effect of different intensities of anodal tDCS on postural responses and prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during the habituation to the external perturbation in patients with PD (n = 24). Methods Anodal tDCS was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) with 1 mA, 2 mA, and sham stimulation in 3 different sessions (~2 weeks apart) during 20 minutes immediately before the postural assessment. External perturbation (7 trials) was applied by a support base posterior translation (20 cm/s and 5 cm). Primary outcome measures included lower limb electromyography and center of pressure parameters. Measures of PFC activity are reported as exploratory outcomes. Analyses of variance (Stimulation Condition × Trial) were performed. Results Habituation of perturbation was evidenced independent of the stimulation conditions. Both active stimulation intensities had shorter recovery time and a trend for lower cortical activity in the stimulated hemisphere when compared to sham condition. Shorter onset latency of the medial gastrocnemius as well as lower cortical activity in the nonstimulated hemisphere were only observed after 2 mA concerning the sham condition. Conclusions tDCS over M1 improved the postural response to external perturbation in PD, with better response observed for 2 mA compared with 1 mA. However, tDCS seems to be inefficient in modifying the habituation of perturbation.

scholarly journals Early Postural Instability in Parkinson’s Disease: A Biomechanical Analysis of the Pull Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
Francisco Grandas
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Postural Instability ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Pull Force ◽  
Pull Test ◽  
Postural Responses

Postural instability in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is commonly assessed by the pull test. This clinical test may be biased by the variability of the pull force applied. Our objective was to study the postural responses elicited by reproducible pull forces in healthy subjects and PD patients at different stages of the disease. We performed a multimodal approach that included a systematic analysis of the pull force needed to reach the backward limit of stability (FBLoS) assessed by mechanically produced forces, the displacements of the center of pressure (CoP) recorded on a force platform, and the latencies and patterns of activation of the stabilizing muscles. Comparisons between groups were performed by univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Sixty-four healthy subjects and 32 PD patients, 22 Hoehn–Yahr (H–Y) stages I-II and 10 H–Y stage III, were studied. In healthy subjects, FBLoS decreased with aging and was lower in females. Mean (SD) FBLoS was 98.1 (48.9) Newtons (N) in healthy subjects, 70.5 (39.8) N in PD patients H–Y stages I-II, and 37.7 (18.9) N in PD patients H–Y stage III. Compared to healthy subjects and when adjusted for age and gender, PD patients H–Y stages I-II exhibited the following: (a) a reduced FBLoS; (b) larger CoP displacements and higher velocities for the same applied force; and (c) combined ankle and hip strategies elicited by less intense pull forces. All of these abnormalities were more pronounced in H–Y stage III PD patients compared to H–Y stages I-II PD patients. In conclusion, patients in the early stages of PD already exhibit a degree of postural instability due to inefficient postural adjustments, and they can more easily be destabilized by small perturbations than healthy subjects. This balance impairment becomes more pronounced in more advanced PD. In the pull test, pull force to step back should be a variable to consider when testing balance in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Proteomic Characterization of Synaptosomes from Human Substantia Nigra Indicates Altered Mitochondrial Translation in Parkinson’s Disease

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2580
Author(s):  
Sarah Plum ◽  
Britta Eggers ◽  
Stefan Helling ◽  
Markus Stepath ◽  
Carsten Theiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Mitochondrial Translation ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Core Proteome

The pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Additionally, numerous studies indicate an altered synaptic function during disease progression. To gain new insights into the molecular processes underlying the alteration of synaptic function in PD, a proteomic study was performed. Therefore, synaptosomes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from SNpc tissue of individuals at advanced PD stages (N = 5) as well as control subjects free of pathology (N = 5) followed by mass spectrometry-based analysis. In total, 362 proteins were identified and assigned to the synaptosomal core proteome. This core proteome comprised all proteins expressed within the synapses without regard to data analysis software, gender, age, or disease. The differential analysis between control subjects and PD cases revealed that CD9 antigen was overrepresented and fourteen proteins, among them Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2), mitochondrial, 39S ribosomal protein L37, neurolysin, and Methionine-tRNA ligase (MARS2) were underrepresented in PD suggesting an alteration in mitochondrial translation within synaptosomes.

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