Inspiratory muscle training lowers the oxygen cost of voluntary hyperpnea

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise A. Turner ◽  
Sandra L. Tecklenburg-Lund ◽  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
Joel M. Stager ◽  
Daniel P. Wilhite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle Training ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Cycle Ergometer Test ◽  
Ergometer Test

The purpose of this study was to determine if inspiratory muscle training (IMT) alters the oxygen cost of breathing (V̇o2RM) during voluntary hyperpnea. Sixteen male cyclists completed 6 wk of IMT using an inspiratory load of 50% (IMT) or 15% placebo (CON) of maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax). Prior to training, a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test was performed to determine V̇o2and ventilation (V̇E) at multiple workloads. Pre- and post-training, subjects performed three separate 4-min bouts of voluntary eucapnic hyperpnea (mimic), matching V̇Ethat occurred at 50, 75, and 100% of V̇o2 max. Pimaxwas significantly increased ( P < 0.05) by 22.5 ± 8.7% from pre- to post-IMT and remained unchanged in the CON group. The V̇o2RMrequired during the mimic trial corresponded to 5.1 ± 2.5, 5.7 ± 1.4, and 11.7% ± 2.5% of the total V̇o2(V̇o2T) at ventilatory workloads equivalent to 50, 75, and 100% of V̇o2 max, respectively. Following IMT, the V̇o2RMrequirement significantly decreased ( P < 0.05) by 1.5% (4.2 ± 1.4% of V̇o2T) at 75% V̇o2 maxand 3.4% (8.1 ± 3.5% of V̇o2T) at 100% V̇o2 max. No significant changes were shown in the CON group. IMT significantly reduced the O2cost of voluntary hyperpnea, which suggests that a reduction in the O2requirement of the respiratory muscles following a period of IMT may facilitate increased O2availability to the active muscles during exercise. These data suggest that IMT may reduce the O2cost of ventilation during exercise, providing an insight into mechanism(s) underpinning the reported improvements in whole body endurance performance; however, this awaits further investigation.

Inspiratory Muscle Training and Endurance: A Central Metabolic Control Perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Edwards ◽  
Raewyn E. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle Training ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Common Observation

The efficacy of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been the subject of considerable controversy in terms of whether it is beneficial to endurance athletes and because a convincing physiological rationale has not been identified to explain its mechanism of action. Early studies suggested that IMT was an ineffectual intervention for gains in either maximal aerobic power or endurance-specific performance. More rigorous recent research supports the observation that maximal aerobic power is not receptive to IMT; however, closer evaluation of both early and contemporary research indicates that responses to endurance-specific performance tests are sensitive to IMT. As the aim of endurance training is to improve endurance performance rather than maximal aerobic power, it is plausible that IMT may be useful in specific performance-related circumstances. Performance adaptations following IMT appear to be connected with post training reports of attenuated effort sensations, but this common observation has tended to be overlooked by researchers in preference for a reductionist explanation. This commentary examines the pertinent research and practical performance implications of IMT from the holistic perspective of complex central metabolic control.

scholarly journals Inspiratory Muscle Training in Intermittent Sports Modalities: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4448
Author(s):  
Juan Lorca-Santiago ◽  
Sergio L. Jiménez ◽  
Helios Pareja-Galeano ◽  
Alberto Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle Training ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Performance Training ◽  
Evidence Database ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Ideal

The fatigue of the respiratory muscles causes the so-called metabolic reflex or metaboreflex, resulting in vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the peripheral muscles, which leads to a decrease in respiratory performance. Training the respiratory muscles is a possible solution to avoid this type of impairment in intermittent sports. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the results obtained with inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in intermittent sports modalities, intending to determine whether its implementation would be adequate and useful in intermittent sports. A search in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) scale. In conclusion, the introduction of specific devices of IMT seems to be a suitable method to improve performance in intermittent sports, mainly due to a reduction of the metaboreflex, fatigue sensation, and dyspnea. The ideal protocol would consist of a combination of acute and chronic treatment, and, even if IMT is done daily, the duration will not exceed one hour per week.

scholarly journals The effects of inspiratory muscle training on plasma interleukin-6 concentration during cycling exercise and a volitional mimic of the exercise hyperpnea

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. 1163-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean E. Mills ◽  
Michael A. Johnson ◽  
Martin J. McPhilimey ◽  
Neil C. Williams ◽  
Javier T. Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle Training ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Exercise Hyperpnea ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Diaphragm Fatigue

It is unknown whether the respiratory muscles contribute to exercise-induced increases in plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration, if this is related to diaphragm fatigue, and whether inspiratory muscle training (IMT) attenuates the plasma IL-6 response to whole body exercise and/or a volitional mimic of the exercise hyperpnea. Twelve healthy males were divided equally into an IMT or placebo (PLA) group, and before and after a 6-wk intervention they undertook, on separate days, 1 h of 1) passive rest, 2) cycling exercise at estimated maximal lactate steady state power (EX), and 3) volitional hyperpnea at rest, which mimicked the breathing and respiratory muscle recruitment patterns achieved during EX (HYPEX). Plasma IL-6 concentration remained unchanged during passive rest. The plasma IL-6 response to EX was reduced following IMT (main effect of intervention, P = 0.039) but not PLA ( P = 0.272). Plasma IL-6 concentration increased during HYPEX (main effect of time, P < 0.01) and was unchanged postintervention. There was no evidence of diaphragm fatigue (measured by phrenic nerve stimulation) following each trial. In conclusion, plasma IL-6 concentration is increased during EX and HYPEX and this occurred in the absence of diaphragm fatigue. Furthermore, IMT reduced the plasma IL-6 response to EX but not HYPEX. These findings suggest that the respiratory muscles contribute to exercise-induced increases in plasma IL-6 concentration in the absence of diaphragm fatigue and that IMT can reduce the magnitude of the response to exercise but not a volitional mimic of the exercise hyperpnea.

scholarly journals Eight Weeks of Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Pulmonary Function in Disabled Swimmers—A Randomized Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Okrzymowska ◽  
Monika Kurzaj ◽  
Wojciech Seidel ◽  
Krystyna Rożek-Piechura
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle Training ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles

Background: According to the literature, inspiratory muscle fatigue may increase after swimming training (ST). This study aimed to examine the efficacy of 8-week inspiratory muscular training (IMT) in disabled swimmers, combined with standard sports training, on selected parameters of lung ventilation and the function of respiratory muscles. Methods: A total of 16 disabled swimming division athletes from Wroclaw’s ‘Start’ Regional Sports Association qualified for the study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (ST and IMT). Both groups participated in swimming training for 8 weeks (8 times a week). The IMT group additionally participated in inspiratory muscle training (8 weeks). In all respondents, a functional lung test and the respiratory muscle strength was measured. Results: After 8 weeks of training, a significant increase in ventilation parameters and respiratory muscle strength was observed only in the IMT group. In ST group 1, a 20% improvement in the strength of inspiratory muscles was achieved. Conclusions: The inclusion of IMT is an important element that complements swimming training, allowing for greater increases in lung ventilation parameters and the strength of respiratory muscles in disabled swimmers.

Comparison between Two Inspiratory Muscle Training Protocols, Low Loads versus High Loads, in Institutionalized Elderly Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Gerontology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Carlos Martin-Sanchez ◽  
Fausto José Barbero-Iglesias ◽  
Victor Amor-Esteban ◽  
Ana María Martin-Nogueras
Keyword(s):  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle Training ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Institutionalized Elderly

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Aging results in a decline in the function of the respiratory muscles. Inspiratory muscle training is presented as a possible solution to attenuate the loss of respiratory function in the elderly. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of 2 protocols with inspiratory muscle training (IMT), low loads and high loads, to improve respiratory strength, functional capacity and dyspnea in institutionalized elderly women, over 65 years. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study was a controlled, randomized, double-blind trial and with allocation concealment performed on 26 institutionalized elderly women distributed in 2 groups, the high-intensity group (HIG) and low-intensity group (LIG). Over an 8-week period an IMT protocol was followed 5 days/week, 15 min/day. The HIG trained with a load of 40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the LIG with 20%. MIP, maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), functional capacity and dyspnea were evaluated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> After training, in the HIG MIP, MEP and functional capacity increased 52, 16 and 7%, respectively (<i>p</i> = 0.000, <i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and in the LIG 30, 18 and 9%, respectively (<i>p</i> = 0.002, <i>p</i> = 0.014, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The improvement in MIP was significantly higher in the HIG than in the LIG (<i>p</i> = 0.042). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> IMT with low and high loads improves respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity in institutionalized elderly women. In addition, high loads were significantly more effective to improve MIP.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document