scholarly journals Optimal electrode placement for noninvasive electrical stimulation of human abdominal muscles

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1612-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianne Lim ◽  
Robert B. Gorman ◽  
Julian P. Saboisky ◽  
Simon C. Gandevia ◽  
Jane E. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Gastric Pressure ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abdominal muscles are the most important expiratory muscles for coughing. Spinal cord-injured patients have respiratory complications because of abdominal muscle weakness and paralysis and impaired ability to cough. We aimed to determine the optimal positioning of stimulating electrodes on the trunk for the noninvasive electrical activation of the abdominal muscles. In six healthy subjects, we compared twitch pressures produced by a single electrical pulse through surface electrodes placed either posterolaterally or anteriorly on the trunk with twitch pressures produced by magnetic stimulation of nerve roots at the T10 level. A gastroesophageal catheter measured gastric pressure (Pga) and esophageal pressure (Pes). Twitches were recorded at increasing stimulus intensities at functional residual capacity (FRC) in the seated posture. The maximal intensity used was also delivered at total lung capacity (TLC). At FRC, twitch pressures were greatest with electrical stimulation posterolaterally and magnetic stimulation at T10 and smallest at the anterior site (Pga, 30 ± 3 and 33 ± 6 cmH2O vs. 12 ± 3 cmH2O; Pes 8 ± 2 and 11 ± 3 cmH2O vs. 5 ± 1 cmH2O; means ± SE). At TLC, twitch pressures were larger. The values for posterolateral electrical stimulation were comparable to those evoked by thoracic magnetic stimulation. The posterolateral stimulation site is the optimal site for generating gastric and esophageal twitch pressures with electrical stimulation.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Facial Nerve: Recording Technique and Estimation of the Stimulated Site

Neurosurgery ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yojiro Seki ◽  
Larry Krain ◽  
Thoru Yamada ◽  
Jun Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Root Exit Zone ◽  
Compound Muscle Action Potentials ◽  
Facial Nerves ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract We compared transcranial magnetic and conventional electrical stimulation in 20 facial nerves of 10 normal subjects. A magnetic coil was placed tangentially over T5 or T6 (10-20 electroencephalogram electrode placement system) and electrical stimulation was applied 1 cm below the anterior tragus. Compound muscle action potentials recorded from the ipsilateral nasalis muscle showed onset latencies (mean ± SD) of 4.48 ± 0.50 ms with magnetic stimulation and 3.15 ± 0.40 ms with electrical stimulation, a mean difference of 1.33 ± 0.14 ms. Stimulation of the extracranial facial nerve at two sites yielded a conduction velocity of 59.6 ± 4.5 m/s. Based on these findings, the magnetically stimulated site was estimated to fall 79.0 ± 8.6 mm proximal to the point of electrical stimulation. Taking the average length of the nerve trunk and histological specificity of the root exit zone into consideration, evidence indicates that the root exit zone of the facial nerve is the most likely initiating site of excitation with magnetic stimulation.

scholarly journals Sham transcranial magnetic stimulation using electrical stimulation of the scalp

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Mennemeier ◽  
William J. Triggs ◽  
Kenneth C. Chelette ◽  
A.J. Woods ◽  
Timothy A. Kimbrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the excitability of the motor neuron pools of the muscles of the lower extremities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Ananiev ◽  
D.A. Pavlov ◽  
R.N. Yakupov ◽  
V.A. Golodnova ◽  
M.V. Balykin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The study was conducted on 22 healthy men aged 18-23 years. The primary motor cortex innervating the lower limb was stimulated with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Using transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, evoked motor responses of the muscles of the lower extremities were initiated when electrodes were applied cutaneous between the spinous processes in the Th11-Th12 projection. Research protocol: Determination of the thresholds of BMO of the muscles of the lower extremities during TESCS; determination of the BMO threshold of the TA muscle in TMS; determination of the thresholds of the BMO of the muscles of the lower extremities during TESCS against the background of 80% and 90% TMS. It was found that magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex of the brain leads to an increase in the excitability of the neural structures of the lumbar thickening of the spinal cord and an improvement in neuromuscular interactions. Key words: transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, neural networks, excitability, neuromuscular interactions.

Triangularis sterni muscle use in supine humans

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer ◽  
V. Ninane ◽  
J. J. Gilmartin ◽  
C. Lemerre ◽  
M. Estenne
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Head Flexion ◽  
Static Head

The electrical activity of the triangularis sterni (transversus thoracis) muscle was studied in supine humans during resting breathing and a variety of respiratory and nonrespiratory maneuvers known to bring the abdominal muscles into action. Twelve normal subjects, of whom seven were uninformed and untrained, were investigated. The electromyogram of the triangularis sterni was recorded using a concentric needle electrode, and it was compared with the electromyograms of the abdominal (external oblique and rectus abdominis) muscles. The triangularis sterni was usually silent during resting breathing. In contrast, the muscle was invariably activated during expiration from functional residual capacity, expulsive maneuvers, “belly-in” isovolume maneuvers, static head flexion and trunk rotation, and spontaneous events such as speech, coughing, and laughter. When three trained subjects expired voluntarily with considerable recruitment of the triangularis sterni and no abdominal muscle activity, rib cage volume decreased and abdominal volume increased. These results indicate that unlike in the dog, spontaneous quiet expiration in supine humans is essentially a passive process; the human triangularis sterni, however, is a primary muscle of expiration; and its neural activation is largely coupled with that of the abdominals. The triangularis sterni probably contributes to the deflation of the rib cage during active expiration.

Magnetically Evoked Facial Nerve Potential

1989 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Windmill ◽  
Serge A. Martinez ◽  
Christopher B. Shields ◽  
Markku Paloheimo
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Facial Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

Facial nerve stimulation by electrical current is painful and tends to discourage serial studies. Transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve is painless, easily reproducible, and elicits facial muscle responses identical to electrical stimulation.

Respiratory muscle function in the critically ill

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros Vassilakopoulos ◽  
Charis Roussos
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Function ◽  
Generating Capacity ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Stimulation Of

The inspiratory muscles are the diaphragm, external intercostals and parasternal internal intercostal muscles. The internal intercostals and abdominal muscles are expiratory. The ability of a subject to take one breath depends on the balance between the load faced by the inspiratory muscles and their neuromuscular competence. The ability of a subject to sustain the respiratory load over time (endurance) depends on the balance between energy supplied to the inspiratory muscles and their energy demands. Hyperinflation puts the diaphragm at a great mechanical disadvantage, decreasing its force-generating capacity. In response to acute increases in load the inspiratory muscles become fatigued and inflammed. In response to reduction in load by the use of mechanical ventilation they develop atrophy and dysfunction. Global respiratory muscle function can be tested using maximum static inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures, and sniff pressure. Diaphragm function can be tested by measuring the transdiaphragmatic and twitch pressures developed upon electrical or magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve.

Regional differences in abdominal pressure swings in dogs

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1682-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Decramer ◽  
A. De Troyer ◽  
S. Kelly ◽  
L. Zocchi ◽  
P. T. Macklem
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Bilateral Stimulation ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Gastric Pressure ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Crural Diaphragm ◽  
Stimulation Of

The pressure swings under the costal (Pcos) and crural diaphragms (Pcru) and between the intestinal loops (Pint) were compared with the swings in gastric pressure (Pga) in 13 supine anesthetized dogs. Pcos, Pcru, and Pint were measured with air-filled latex balloons in eight dogs and saline-filled catheters in five. Pga was measured with an air-filled balloon in all dogs. During quiet breathing differences were often present, the directions of which were variable from animal to animal. During mechanical ventilation, all pressures increased, but both Pcos and Pcru increased more than Pga, whereas only a small change was observed in Pint. During bilateral stimulation of the costal diaphragm, Pcos invariably increased more than Pga and Pint, whereas almost no change was observed in Pcru. During bilateral stimulation of the crural diaphragm, Pcru invariably increased more than Pga, Pint, and Pcos. During abdominal muscle stimulation as during external abdominal compression, Pint always increased more than Pcos and Pcru. During lower rib cage compression, Pga, Pcos, and Pcru increased more than Pint. During sternocleidomastoid stimulation, all pressure swings were negative, but the change in Pint was always smaller than in Pcos, Pcru, or Pga. Inhomogeneities observed with balloons and saline-filled catheters were similar. After the abdomen was filled with 2 liters of saline all pressure swings became much more homogeneous.

scholarly journals Breathing synchronized electrical stimulation of the abdominal muscles in patients with acute tetraplegia

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (SI-1 Track-R) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schauer ◽  
R. Stephan ◽  
A. Niedeggen ◽  
T. Liebscher ◽  
J. Dorien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Stimulation Of
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