Pilocarpine-induced sweat gland function in individuals with multiple sclerosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1740-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Davis ◽  
Thad E. Wilson ◽  
Jamie M. Vener ◽  
Craig G. Crandall ◽  
Jack H. Petajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Sudomotor Function ◽  
Sweat Function ◽  
Gland Function

This investigation tested the hypothesis that cholinergic sweat function of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) (MS-Con; n = 10) is diminished relative to matched healthy control subjects (Con; n = 10). In addition, cholinergic sweat function was determined before and after 15 wk of aerobic training in a subgroup of individuals with MS (MS-Ex; n = 7). Cholinergic sweating responses were assessed via pilocarpine iontophoresis on ventral forearm skin. A collection disk placed over the stimulated area collected sweat for 15 min. Sweat rate (SR) was calculated by dividing sweat collector volume by collection area and time. Iodine-treated paper was applied to the stimulated area to measure number of activated sweat glands (ASG). Sweat gland output (SGO) was calculated by dividing SR by density of glands under the collector. Sweat gland function was determined in MS-Ex to test the hypothesis that exercise training would increase sweating responses. No differences in ASG were observed between MS-Con and Con. SR and SGO in MS-Con [0.18 mg·cm−2·min−1 (SD 0.08); 1.74 μg·gland−1·min−1 (SD 0.79), respectively] were significantly lower ( P ≤ 0.05) than in Con [0.27 mg·cm−2·min−1 (SD 0.10); 2.43 μg·gland−1·min−1 (SD 0.69)]. Aerobic exercise training significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) increased peak aerobic capacity in MS-Ex [1.86 (SD 0.75) vs. 2.10 (SD 0.67) l/min] with no changes in ASG, SR, and SGO. Sweat gland function in individuals with MS is impaired relative to healthy controls. Fifteen weeks of aerobic training did not increase stimulated sweating responses in individuals with MS. Diminished peripheral sweating responses may be a consequence of impairments in autonomic control of sudomotor function.

scholarly journals Is active sweating during heat acclimation required for improvements in peripheral sweat gland function?

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. R1082-R1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Buono ◽  
Travis R. Numan ◽  
Ryan M. Claros ◽  
Stephanie K. Brodine ◽  
Fred W. Kolkhorst
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Sweat Production ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Pilocarpine Iontophoresis

We investigated whether the eccrine sweat glands must actively produce sweat during heat acclimation if they are to adapt and increase their capacity to sweat. Eight volunteers received intradermal injections of BOTOX, to prevent neural stimulation and sweat production of the sweat glands during heat acclimation, and saline injections as a control in the contralateral forearm. Subjects performed 90 min of moderate-intensity exercise in the heat (35°C, 40% relative humidity) on 10 consecutive days. Heat acclimation decreased end-exercise heart rate (156 ± 22 vs. 138 ± 17 beats/min; P = 0.0001) and rectal temperature (38.2 ± 0.3 vs. 37.9 ± 0.3°C; P = 0.0003) and increased whole body sweat rate (0.70 ± 0.29 vs. 1.06 ± 0.50 l/h; P = 0.030). During heat acclimation, there was no measurable sweating in the BOTOX-treated forearm, but the control forearm sweat rate during exercise increased 40% over the 10 days ( P = 0.040). Peripheral sweat gland function was assessed using pilocarpine iontophoresis before and after heat acclimation. Before heat acclimation, the pilocarpine-induced sweat rate of the control and BOTOX-injected forearms did not differ (0.65 ± 0.20 vs. 0.66 ± 0.22 mg·cm−2·min−1). However, following heat acclimation, the pilocarpine-induced sweat rate in the control arm increased 18% to 0.77 ± 0.21 mg·cm−2·min−1 ( P = 0.021) but decreased 52% to 0.32 ± 0.18 mg·cm−2·min−1 ( P < 0.001) in the BOTOX-treated arm. Using complete chemodenervation of the sweat glands, coupled with direct cholinergic stimulation via pilocarpine iontophoresis, we demonstrated that sweat glands must be active during heat acclimation if they are to adapt and increase their capacity to sweat.

Prolonged head-down tilt exposure reduces maximal cutaneous vasodilator and sweating capacity in humans

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2330-2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Crandall ◽  
M. Shibasaki ◽  
T. E. Wilson ◽  
J. Cui ◽  
B. D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rate Maximum ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Cutaneous Vascular Conductance

Cutaneous vasodilation and sweat rate are reduced during a thermal challenge after simulated and actual microgravity exposure. The effects of microgravity exposure on cutaneous vasodilator capacity and on sweat gland function are unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that simulated microgravity exposure, using the 6° head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest model, reduces maximal forearm cutaneous vascular conductance (FVC) and sweat gland function and that exercise during HDT preserves these responses. To test these hypotheses, 20 subjects were exposed to 14 days of strict HDT bed rest. Twelve of those subjects exercised (supine cycle ergometry) at 75% of pre-bed rest heart rate maximum for 90 min/day throughout HDT bed rest. Before and after HDT bed rest, maximal FVC was measured, via plethysmography, by heating the entire forearm to 42°C for 45 min. Sweat gland function was assessed by administering 1 × 10−6 to 2 M acetylcholine (9 doses) via intradermal microdialysis while simultaneously monitoring sweat rate over the microdialysis membranes. In the nonexercise group, maximal FVC and maximal stimulated sweat rate were significantly reduced after HDT bed rest. In contrast, these responses were unchanged in the exercise group. These data suggest that 14 days of simulated microgravity exposure, using the HDT bed rest model, reduces cutaneous vasodilator and sweating capacity, whereas aerobic exercise training during HDT bed rest preserves these responses.

Abstract 12949: Aerobic Exercise After an ICD: Results of the 6 Month Follow-Up in the Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Exercise After an ICD Trial

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia M Dougherty ◽  
Robb Glenny ◽  
Peter Kudenchuk ◽  
Robert Burr
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Function ◽  
Exercise Maintenance ◽  
Peak Vo2 ◽  
O2 Pulse

Introduction: The Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Exercise Trial reported that aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks after an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) significantly improved the primary outcome of cardiopulmonary function without ICD shocks or adverse events. This is a report on the longer term outcomes at 24 weeks of exercise maintenance that was continued after aerobic training. Hypothesis: When 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training is followed by aerobic exercise maintenance (50% reduction in the amount of walking), cardiopulmonary function [peak VO2, EX time, VO2 at AT, O2 pulse, METS, Maximum HR] will be maintained without an increase in ICD shocks or hospitalizations. Methods: 160 subjects (80/group) with a prior ICD implant (40% primary and 60% secondary prevention), mean age 55 +12 years, 78% male, 84% Caucasian, 100% beta-blocked, and mean EF%=40%, entered a RCT comparing aerobic exercise to usual care (UC). At baseline, 8 and 24 weeks, participants completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing using a modified Balke treadmill protocol. Aerobic training= 8 weeks of home walking 1 hour/day on 5 days/week at 60-80% of maximum HR using the Karvonen formula, was followed by aerobic maintenance (EX)= 16 weeks of home walking for 150 min/week. ICD shocks and hospitalizations were verified with medical records. Analysis of variance was used to determine group x time effects on study outcomes. Results: Aerobic maintenance significantly increased peak VO2 ml/kg/min, p<0.000 (EX 26.9+7.7, UC 23.4+6.0), EX minutes, p<0.000 (EX 16:27+ 6:36; UC 13:24+4:33), VO2 at AT ml/kg/min, p=0.001 (EX 23.0+6.8; UC 19.8+5.8), O2 pulse p=0.01 (EX 18.7+5.5; UC 16.8+4.9), and METS, p<0.001 (EX 7.6+2.2; UC 6.7+1.8). Maximum HR was unchanged. The number of ICD shocks related to exercise was =1: 3 in UC and 1 in exercise received an ICD shock or ATP during follow-up. There were 11 hospitalizations in each group, none were related to exercise. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise maintenance for 16 weeks that followed aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks, maintained gains in cardiopulmonary function despite reducing the amount of walking by half (300 min vs. 150 min). Aerobic exercise in patients with an ICD is safe without increasing the number of ICD shocks or hospitalizations.

Effect of physical training on peripheral sweat production

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 811-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Buono ◽  
N. T. Sjoholm
Keyword(s):  
Physical Training ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Peripheral Mechanism ◽  
Sweat Production ◽  
Sedentary Women

The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo secretory activity of sweat glands from sedentary and trained subjects. Peripheral sweat production was determined using pilocarpine iontophoresis in 40 volunteers (10 sedentary men, 10 endurance-trained men, 10 sedentary women, 10 endurance-trained women). Peripheral sweat rate was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in trained men [6.9 +/- 0.6 (SE) g.m2.min-1] and women (6.1 +/- 0.7) compared with sedentary men (3.1 +/- 0.5) and women (2.5 +/- 0.4). Furthermore, peripheral sweat rate was significantly correlated (r = 0.73) with maximal O2 uptake. The above two findings would suggest that physical training improves the secretory activity of the human sweat gland. Such a result supports previous findings that have suggested that the potentiation in sweating seen after training is achieved via a peripheral mechanism. In addition, several gender-related differences were found in the sudorific response of men and women. Specifically, women have a significantly greater sweat gland density, whereas men have a greater sweat production per gland.

scholarly journals Home-based aerobic exercise training improves skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism in patients with metabolic myopathies

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Porcelli ◽  
Mauro Marzorati ◽  
Lucia Morandi ◽  
Bruno Grassi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Home Based

Aerobic training can be effective in patients with mitochondrial myopathies (MM) and McArdle's disease (McA). The aim of the study was to use noninvasive functional evaluation methods, specifically aimed at skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism, to evaluate the effects of an aerobic exercise training (cycle ergometer, 12 wk, 4 days/wk, ∼65-70% of maximal heart rate) in 6 MM and 7 McA. Oxygen uptake and skeletal muscle vastus lateralis fractional O2 extraction by near-infrared spectroscopy were assessed during incremental and low-intensity constant work rate (CWR) exercises before (BEFORE) and at the end (AFTER) of training. Peak O2 uptake increased significantly with training both in MM [14.7 ± 1.2 vs. 17.6 ± 1.4 ml·kg−1·min−1 (mean ± SD)] and in McA (18.5 ± 1.8 ml·kg−1·min−1 vs. 21.6 ± 1.9). Peak skeletal muscle fractional O2 extraction increased with training both in MM (22.0 ± 6.7 vs. 32.6 ± 5.9%) and in McA (18.5 ± 6.2 vs. 37.2 ± 7.2%). During low-intensity CWR in both MM and McA: V̇o2 kinetics became faster in AFTER, but only in the patients with slow V̇o2 kinetics in BEFORE; the transient overshoot in fractional O2 extraction kinetics disappeared. The level of habitual physical activity was not higher 3 mo after training (FOLLOW-UP vs. PRE). In MM and McA patients a home-based aerobic training program significantly attenuated the impairment of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and improved variables associated with exercise tolerance. Our findings indicate that in MM and McA patients near-infrared spectroscopy and V̇o2 kinetics can effectively detect the functional improvements obtained by training.

Sex differences in thermoeffector responses during exercise at fixed requirements for heat loss

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gagnon ◽  
Glen P. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Sudomotor Function ◽  
Thermal Chamber ◽  
Local Sweat Rate ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Paper Technique

To assess potential mechanisms responsible for the lower sudomotor thermosensitivity in women during exercise, we examined sex differences in sudomotor function and skin blood flow (SkBF) during exercise performed at progressive increases in the requirement for heat loss. Eight men and eight women cycled at rates of metabolic heat production of 200, 250, and 300 W/m2 of body surface area, with each rate being performed sequentially for 30 min. The protocol was performed in a direct calorimeter to measure evaporative heat loss (EHL) and in a thermal chamber to measure local sweat rate (LSR) (ventilated capsule), SkBF (laser-Doppler), sweat gland activation (modified iodine-paper technique), and sweat gland output (SGO) on the back, chest, and forearm. Despite a similar requirement for heat loss between the sexes, significantly lower increases in EHL and LSR were observed in women ( P ≤ 0.001). Sex differences in EHL and LSR were not consistently observed during the first and second exercise periods, whereas EHL (348 ± 13 vs. 307 ± 9 W/m2) and LSR on the back (1.61 ± 0.07 vs. 1.20 ± 0.09 mg·min−1·cm−2), chest (1.33 ± 0.06 vs. 1.08 ± 0.09 mg·min−1·cm−2), and forearm (1.53 ± 0.07 vs. 1.20 ± 0.06 mg·min−1·cm−2, men vs. women) became significantly greater in men during the last exercise period ( P < 0.05). At each site, differences in LSR were solely due to a greater SGO in men, as opposed to differences in sweat gland activation. In contrast, no sex differences in SkBF were observed throughout the exercise period. The present study demonstrates that sex differences in sudomotor function are only evidenced beyond a certain requirement for heat loss, solely through differences in SGO. In contrast, the lower EHL and LSR in women are not paralleled by a lower SkBF response.

Individual variations in structure and function of human eccrine sweat gland

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. R203-R208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sato ◽  
F. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
And Function ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

The mechanisms underlying variations in perspiration rate at the glandular level are still poorly understood. Human eccrine sweat glands were dissected from the back of 12 adults, cannulated, and stimulated in vitro with methacholine (Mch). The maximal sweat rate and pKA for Mch determined from the dose-response curve for each individual were compared with the anatomic dimensions of the isolated secretory tubules. There was significant correlation between Mch sensitivity (pKA) and the size of the sweat gland, sweat rate per gland, sweat rate per unit length of the secretory tubule, and sweat rate per unit glandular volume. The sweat glands from individuals judged to be poor sweaters exhibited smaller size, lower secretory activity both in vivo and in vitro, and decreased Mch sensitivity compared with glands from physically fit individuals. We conclude that the increased Mch sensitivity and glandular hypertrophy are the two important features of functionally active sweat glands and infer that these parameters could improve as a result of acclimatization to physical exercise and/or heat.

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