Selected Contribution: Effects of sleep-wake state on the genioglossus vs. diaphragm muscle responses to CO2 in rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 878-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Horner ◽  
Xia Liu ◽  
Harmeet Gill ◽  
Philip Nolan ◽  
Hattie Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Diaphragm Muscle ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Respiratory Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Responses ◽  
Wake State ◽  
Diaphragm Activity ◽  
Significant Activation

The effects of sleep on the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia have been well described in animals and in humans. In contrast, there is little information for genioglossus (GG) responses to a range of CO2 stimuli across all sleep-wake states. Given the notion that sleep, especially rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, may cause greater suppression of muscles with both respiratory and nonrespiratory functions, this study tests the hypothesis that GG activity will be differentially affected by sleep-wake states with major suppression in REM sleep despite excitation by CO2. Seven rats were chronically implanted with electroencephalogram, neck, GG, and diaphragm electrodes, and responses to 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9% CO2 were recorded. Diaphragm activity and respiratory rate increased with CO2 ( P < 0.001) across sleep-wake states with significant increases at 3–5% CO2 compared with 0% CO2 controls ( P < 0.05). Phasic GG activity also increased in hypercapnia but required higher CO2 (7–9%) for significant activation ( P < 0.05). Further studies in 15 urethane-anesthetized rats with the vagi intact ( n = 6) and cut ( n = 9) showed that intact vagi delayed GG recruitment with hypercapnia but did not affect diaphragm responses. In the naturally sleeping rats, we also showed that GG activity was significantly reduced in non-REM and REM sleep ( P < 0.04) and was almost abolished in REM even with stimulation by 9% CO2 (decrease = 80.4% vs. wakefulness). Such major suppression of GG activity in REM, even with significant respiratory stimulation, may explain why obstructive apneas are more common in REM sleep.

Waking and ventilatory responses to laryngeal stimulation in sleeping dogs

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Sullivan ◽  
E. Murphy ◽  
L. F. Kozar ◽  
E. A. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Prolonged Apnea ◽  
Sleep Arousal

We studied waking and ventilatory responses to laryngeal stimulation during sleep in three dogs. The dogs breathed through an endotracheal tube inserted caudally into the trachea through a tracheostomy. Laryngeal stimulation was produced either by inflating a small balloon that was positioned in the rostral tracheal segment, or by squirting water onto the larynx through a catheter inserted through the tracheostomy. Airflow was measured with a pneumotachograph, and sleep state was determined by behavioral, electroencephalographic, and electromyographic criteria. We found that the degree of laryngeal stimulation required to produce arousal and coughing was higher in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep than in slow-wave sleep (SWS). Stimuli that failed to cause arousal from SWS often produced a single expiratory effort, or brief apnea (1--2 s) and bradycardia. In contrast, during REM sleep subarousal stimuli often resulted in prolonged apnea (greater than 10 s) and marked bradycardia. We conclude that during REM sleep arousal responses to laryngeal stimulation are depressed, but ventilatory and cardiac responses are intact.

Medullary Respiratory Neural Activity During Hypoxia in NREM and REM Sleep in the Cat

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 803-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Lovering ◽  
Jimmy J. Fraigne ◽  
Witali L. Dunin-Barkowski ◽  
Edward H. Vidruk ◽  
John M. Orem
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Respiratory Neurons ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Medullary Respiratory Neurons ◽  
Inspiratory Neurons ◽  
Discharge Rates

Intact unanesthetized cats hyperventilate in response to hypocapnic hypoxia in both wakefulness and sleep. This hyperventilation is caused by increases in diaphragmatic activity during inspiration and expiration. In this study, we recorded 120 medullary respiratory neurons during sleep in hypoxia. Our goal was to understand how these neurons change their activity to increase breathing efforts and frequency in response to hypoxia. We found that the response of medullary respiratory neurons to hypoxia was variable. While the activity of a small majority of inspiratory (58%) and expiratory (56%) neurons was increased in response to hypoxia, the activity of a small majority of preinspiratory (57%) neurons was decreased. Cells that were more active in hypoxia had discharge rates that averaged 183% (inspiratory decrementing), 154% (inspiratory augmenting), 155% (inspiratory), 230% (expiratory decrementing), 191% (expiratory augmenting), and 136% (expiratory) of the rates in normoxia. The response to hypoxia was similar in non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) and REM sleep. Additionally, changes in the profile of activity were observed in all cell types examined. These changes included advanced, prolonged, and abbreviated patterns of activity in response to hypoxia; for example, some inspiratory neurons prolonged their discharge into expiration during the postinspiratory period in hypoxia but not in normoxia. Although changes in activity of the inspiratory neurons could account for the increased breathing efforts and activity of the diaphragm observed during hypoxia, the mechanisms responsible for the change in respiratory rate were not revealed by our data.

Cardiopulmonary regulation after rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 970-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. DeMesquita ◽  
G. A. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Rem Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
Arterial Blood

Arterial blood pressure, chest movement, electroencephalogram, and electromyogram were monitored in six normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 h/day 3 days before and 4 days after 114 h of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep deprivation. During recovery sleep immediately after REM sleep deprivation (RD), there was a significant increase in the amount of time spent in REM sleep. During this rebound in REM sleep, there was a significant rise (26%) in heart rate in wakefulness, non-REM sleep, and REM sleep during the first 4 h after RD. Systolic blood pressure was also significantly elevated (14%) but only during wakefulness before recovery sleep. Rats with the greatest waking systolic blood pressure after RD had the lowest REM sleep rebound in the 4 h immediately after RD (r = -0.885, P less than 0.05). The rise in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and REM sleep time evident on day 1 immediately after RD was absent on recovery days 2–4. The respiratory rate tended to be higher throughout the recovery period in every state of consciousness; however, these values never reached the level of significance. In the initial recovery sleep period, regulation of heart rate was more disrupted by REM sleep deprivation than either arterial blood pressure or respiratory rate.

Cardiopulmonary control in sleeping Sprague-Dawley rats treated with hydralazine

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1954-1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Carley ◽  
Sinisa M. Trbovic ◽  
Alex Bozanich ◽  
Miodrag Radulovacki
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Respiratory Stimulation

Carley, David W., Sinisa M. Trbovic, Alex Bozanich, and Miodrag Radulovacki. Cardiopulmonary control in sleeping Sprague-Dawley rats treated with hydralazine. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1954–1961, 1997.—To test the hypothesis that hydralazine can suppress spontaneous sleep-related central apnea, respiratory pattern, blood pressure, and heart period were monitored in Sprague-Dawley rats. In random order and on separate days, rats were recorded after intraperitoneal injection of 1) saline or 2) 2 mg/kg hydralazine. Normalized minute ventilation (NV˙i) declined significantly with transitions from wake to non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (−5.1%; P = 0.01) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep (−4.2%; P = 0.022). Hydralazine stimulated respiration (NV˙iincreased by 21%; P < 0.03) and eliminated the effect of state on NV˙i. Blood pressure decreased by 17% after hydralazine, and the correlation between fluctuations in mean blood pressure and NV˙i changed from strongly positive during control recordings to weakly negative after hydralazine ( P < 0.0001 for each). Postsigh and spontaneous apneas were reduced during NREM and REM sleep after hydralazine ( P < 0.05 for each). This suppression was strongly correlated with the reduction in blood pressure and with the degree of respiratory stimulation. We conclude that mild hydralazine-induced hypotension leads to respiratory stimulation and apnea suppression.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of nasal high flow on ventilation during wakefulness and sleep

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 1058-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Mündel ◽  
Sheng Feng ◽  
Stanislav Tatkov ◽  
Hartmut Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Cavity Model ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Inspiratory Resistance ◽  
Wake State

Nasal high flow (NHF) has been shown to increase expiratory pressure and reduce respiratory rate but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Ten healthy participants [age, 22 ± 2 yr; body mass index (BMI), 24 ± 2 kg/m2] were recruited to determine ventilatory responses to NHF of air at 37°C and fully saturated with water. We conducted a randomized, controlled, cross-over study consisting of four separate ∼60-min visits, each 1 wk apart, to determine the effect of NHF on ventilation during wakefulness (NHF at 0, 15, 30, and 45 liters/min) and sleep (NHF at 0, 15, and 30 liters/min). In addition, a nasal cavity model was used to compare pressure/air-flow relationships of NHF and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) throughout simulated breathing. During wakefulness, NHF led to an increase in tidal volume from 0.7 ± 0.1 liter to 0.8 ± 0.2, 1.0 ± 0.2, and 1.3 ± 0.2 liters, and a reduction in respiratory rate ( fR) from 16 ± 2 to 13 ± 3, 10 ± 3, and 8 ± 3 breaths/min (baseline to 15, 30, and 45 liters/min NHF, respectively; P < 0.01). In contrast, during sleep, NHF led to a ∼20% fall in minute ventilation due to a decrease in tidal volume and no change in fR. In the nasal cavity model, NHF increased expiratory but decreased inspiratory resistance depending on both the cannula size and the expiratory flow rate. The mechanisms of action for NHF differ from those of CPAP and are sleep/wake-state dependent. NHF may be utilized to increase tidal breathing during wakefulness and to relieve respiratory loads during sleep.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Daily Rapid-Eye Movement Sleep and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
Tiana Broen ◽  
Tomiko Yoneda ◽  
Jonathan Rush ◽  
Jamie Knight ◽  
Nathan Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Previous cross-sectional research suggests that age-related decreases in Rapid-Eye Movement (REM) sleep may contribute to poorer cognitive functioning (CF); however, few studies have examined the relationship at the intraindividual level by measuring habitual sleep over multiple days. Applying a 14-day daily diary design, the current study examines the dynamic relationship between REM sleep and CF in 69 healthy older adults (M age=70.8 years, SD=3.37; 73.9% female; 66.6% completed at least an undergraduate degree). A Fitbit device provided actigraphy indices of REM sleep (minutes and percentage of total sleep time), while CF was measured four times daily on a smartphone via ambulatory cognitive tests that captured processing speed and working memory. This research addressed the following questions: At the within-person level, are fluctuations in quantity of REM sleep associated with fluctuations in next day cognitive measures across days? Do individuals who spend more time in REM sleep on average, perform better on cognitive tests than adults who spend less time in REM sleep? A series of multilevel models were fit to examine the extent to which each index of sleep accounted for daily fluctuations in performance on next day cognitive tests. Results indicated that during nights when individuals had more REM sleep minutes than was typical, they performed better on the working memory task the next morning (estimate = -.003, SE = .002, p = .02). These results highlight the impact of REM sleep on CF, and further research may allow for targeted interventions for earlier treatment of sleep-related cognitive impairment.

Heterogeneous activity level of jaw-closing and -opening muscles and its association with arousal levels during sleep in the guinea pig

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. R34-R42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Kato ◽  
Yuji Masuda ◽  
Hayato Kanayama ◽  
Norimasa Nakamura ◽  
Atsushi Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Jaw Muscles ◽  
High Activity Level ◽  
Motor Activities

Exaggerated jaw motor activities during sleep are associated with muscle symptoms in the jaw-closing rather than the jaw-opening muscles. The intrinsic activity of antagonistic jaw muscles during sleep remains unknown. This study aims to assess the balance of muscle activity between masseter (MA) and digastric (DG) muscles during sleep in guinea pigs. Electroencephalogram (EEG), electroocculogram, and electromyograms (EMGs) of dorsal neck, MA, and DG muscles were recorded with video during sleep-wake cycles. These variables were quantified for each 10-s epoch. The magnitude of muscle activity during sleep in relation to mean EMG activity of total wakefulness was up to three times higher for MA muscle than for DG muscle for nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Although the activity level of the two jaw muscles fluctuated during sleep, the ratio of activity level for each epoch was not proportional. Epochs with a high activity level for each muscle were associated with a decrease in δEEG power and/or an increase in heart rate in NREM sleep. However, this association with heart rate and activity levels was not observed in REM sleep. These results suggest that in guinea pigs, the magnitude of muscle activity for antagonistic jaw muscles is heterogeneously modulated during sleep, characterized by a high activity level in the jaw-closing muscle. Fluctuations in the activity are influenced by transient arousal levels in NREM sleep but, in REM sleep, the distinct controls may contribute to the fluctuation. The above intrinsic characteristics could underlie the exaggeration of jaw motor activities during sleep (e.g., sleep bruxism).

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