Effect of cold exposure on fuel utilization in humans: plasma glucose, muscle glycogen, and lipids

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Haman ◽  
François Péronnet ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Denis Massicotte ◽  
Carole Lavoie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

The relative roles of circulatory glucose, muscle glycogen, and lipids in shivering thermogenesis are unclear. Using a combination of indirect calorimetry and stable isotope methodology ([U-13C]glucose ingestion), we have quantified the oxidation rates of these substrates in men acutely exposed to cold for 2 h (liquid conditioned suit perfused with 10°C water). Cold exposure stimulated heat production by 2.6-fold and increased the oxidation of plasma glucose from 39.4 ± 2.4 to 93.9 ± 5.5 mg/min (+138%), of muscle glycogen from 126.6 ± 7.8 to 264.2 ± 36.9 mg glucosyl units/min (+109%), and of lipids from 46.9 ± 3.2 to 176.5 ± 17.3 mg/min (+376%). Despite the observed increase in plasma glucose oxidation, this fuel only supplied 10% of the energy for heat generation. The major source of carbohydrate was muscle glycogen (75% of all glucose oxidized), and lipids produced as much heat as all other fuels combined. During prolonged, low-intensity shivering, we conclude that total heat production is unequally shared among lipids (50%), muscle glycogen (30%), plasma glucose (10%), and proteins (10%). Therefore, future research should focus on lipids and muscle glycogen that provide most of the energy for heat production.

scholarly journals Effects of carbohydrate availability on sustained shivering I. Oxidation of plasma glucose, muscle glycogen, and proteins

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Haman ◽  
François Péronnet ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Éric Doucet ◽  
Denis Massicotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Fuel Selection ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Diet And Exercise ◽  
Tracer Methods ◽  
A Minor

Carbohydrates (CHO) can play an important thermogenic role during shivering, but the effect of their availability on the use of other oxidative fuels is unclear. Using indirect calorimetry and tracer methods ([U-13C]glucose ingestion), we have determined the specific contributions of plasma glucose, muscle glycogen, proteins, and lipids to total heat production (Ḣprod) in men exposed to cold for 2-h (liquid-conditioned suit perfused with 10°C water). Measurements were made after low-CHO diet and exercise (Lo) and high-CHO diet without exercise (Hi). The size of CHO reserves had no effect on Ḣprod but a major impact on fuel selection before and during shivering. In the cold, a complete shift from lipid oxidation for Lo (53, 28, and 19% Ḣprod for lipids, CHO, and proteins, respectively) to CHO-based metabolism for Hi (23, 65, and 12% Ḣprod for lipids, CHO, and proteins, respectively) was observed. Plasma glucose oxidation remains a minor fuel under all conditions (<13% Ḣprod), falling to 7% Ḣprod for Lo. Therefore, adjusting plasma glucose oxidation to compensate for changes in muscle glycogen oxidation is not a strategy used for maintaining heat production. Instead, proteins and lipids share responsibility for this compensation. We conclude that humans can show remarkable flexibility in oxidative fuel selection to ensure that heat production is not compromised during sustained cold exposure.

Heat stress increases muscle glycogen use but reduces the oxidation of ingested carbohydrates during exercise

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1562-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy L. P. G. Jentjens ◽  
Anton J. M. Wagenmakers ◽  
Asker E. Jeukendrup
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Cool Environment ◽  
Lower Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Plasma

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the oxidation rate of ingested carbohydrate (CHO) is impaired during exercise in the heat compared with a cool environment. Nine trained cyclists (maximal oxygen consumption 65 ± 1 ml · kg body wt−1 · min−1) exercised on two different occasions for 90 min at 55% maximum power ouptput at an ambient temperature of either 16.4 ± 0.2°C (cool trial) or 35.4 ± 0.1°C (heat trial). Subjects received 8% glucose solutions that were enriched with [U-13C]glucose for measurements of exogenous glucose, plasma glucose, liver-derived glucose and muscle glycogen oxidation. Exogenous glucose oxidation during the final 30 min of exercise was significantly ( P < 0.05) lower in the heat compared with the cool trial (0.76 ± 0.06 vs. 0.84 ± 0.05 g/min). Muscle glycogen oxidation during the final 30 min of exercise was increased by 25% in the heat (2.07 ± 0.16 vs. 1.66 ± 0.09 g/min; P < 0.05), and liver-derived glucose oxidation was not different. There was a trend toward a higher total CHO oxidation and a lower plasma glucose oxidation in the heat although this did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.087 and P = 0.082, respectively). These results demonstrate that the oxidation rate of ingested CHO is reduced and muscle glycogen utilization is increased during exercise in the heat compared with a cool environment.

scholarly journals Effects of ingesting [13C]glucose early or late into cold exposure on substrate utilization

2010 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis P. Blondin ◽  
François Péronnet ◽  
François Haman
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Cold Condition ◽  
Glycogen Utilization ◽  
Endogenous Reserves ◽  
Fuel Source ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

One of the factors limiting the oxidation of exogenous glucose during cold exposure may be the delay in establishing a shivering steady state (∼60 min), reducing glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Therefore, using indirect calorimetry and isotopic methodologies in non-cold-acclimatized men, the main purpose of this study was to determine whether ingesting glucose at a moment coinciding with the maximal shivering intensity could increase the utilization rate of the ingested glucose. 13C-enriched glucose was ingested (800 mg/min) from the onset (G0) or after 60 min (G60) of cold exposure when the thermogenic rate was stabilized to low-intensity shivering (∼2.5 times resting metabolic rate). For the same quantity of glucose ingested, the oxidation rate of exogenous glucose was 35% higher in G60 (159 ± 17 vs. 118 ± 17 mg/min in G0) between minutes 60 and 90. By the end of cold exposure, exogenous glucose oxidation was significantly greater in G0, reaching 231 ± 14 mg/min, ∼15% higher than the only rates previously reported. This considerably reduced the utilization of endogenous reserves over time and compared with the G60 condition. This study also demonstrates a fall in muscle glycogen utilization, when glucose was ingested from the onset of cold exposure (from ∼150 to ∼75 mg/min). Together, these findings indicate the importance of ingesting glucose immediately on exposure to a cold condition, relying on shivering thermogenesis and sustaining that consumption for as long as possible. This substrate not only provides an auxiliary fuel source for shivering thermogenesis, but, more importantly, preserves the limited endogenous glucose reserves.

scholarly journals Exogenous glucose oxidation during exercise in endurance-trained and untrained subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Jeukendrup ◽  
M. Mensink ◽  
W. H. M. Saris ◽  
A. J. M. Wagenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Relative Exercise Intensity ◽  
Endogenous Carbohydrates

Jeukendrup, A. E., M. Mensink, W. H. M. Saris, and A. J. M. Wagenmakers. Exogenous glucose oxidation during exercise in endurance-trained and untrained subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(3): 835–840, 1997.—To investigate the effect of training status on the fuel mixture used during exercise with glucose ingestion, seven endurance-trained cyclists (Tr; maximum O2 uptake 67 ± 2.3 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) and eight untrained subjects (UTr; 48 ± 2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) were studied during 120 min of exercise at ∼60% maximum O2 uptake. At the onset of exercise, 8 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1of an 8% naturally enriched [13C]glucose solution was ingested and 2 ml/kg every 15 min thereafter. Energy expenditure was higher in Tr subjects compared with UTr subjects (3,404 vs. 2,630 kJ; P < 0.01). During the second hour, fat oxidation was higher in Tr subjects (37 ± 2 g) compared with UTr subjects (23 ± 1 g), whereas carbohydrate oxidation was similar (116 ± 8 g in Tr subjects vs. 114 ± 4 g in UTr subjects). No differences were observed in exogenous glucose oxidation (50 ± 2 g in Tr subjects and 45 ± 3 g in UTr subjects, respectively). Peak exogenous glucose oxidation rates were similar in the two groups (0.95 ± 0.07 g/min in Tr subjects and 0.96 ± 0.03 g/min in UTr subjects). It is concluded that the higher energy expenditure in Tr subjects during exercise at the same relative exercise intensity is entirely met by a higher rate of fat oxidation without changes in the rates of exogenous and endogenous carbohydrates.

Oxidation of an oral [13C]glucose load at rest and prolonged exercise in trained and sedentary subjects

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Burelle ◽  
F. Péronnet ◽  
S. Charpentier ◽  
C. Lavoie ◽  
C. Hillaire-Marcel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

The purpose of this study was to compare the oxidation of [13C]glucose (100 g) ingested at rest or during exercise in six trained (TS) and six sedentary (SS) male subjects. The oxidation of plasma glucose was also computed from the volume of13CO2and13C/12C in plasma glucose to compute the oxidation rate of glucose released from the liver and from glycogen stores in periphery (mainly muscle glycogen stores during exercise). At rest, oxidative disposal of both exogenous (8.3 ± 0.3 vs. 6.6 ± 0.8 g/h) and liver glucose (4.4 ± 0.5 vs. 2.6 ± 0.4 g/h) was higher in TS than in SS. This could contribute to the better glucose tolerance observed at rest in TS. During exercise, for the same absolute workload [140 ± 5 W: TS = 47 ± 2.5; SS = 68 ± 3 %maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 max)], [13C]glucose oxidation was higher in TS than in SS (39.0 ± 2.6 vs. 33.6 ± 1.2 g/h), whereas both liver glucose (16.8 ± 2.4 vs. 24.0 ± 1.8 g/h) and muscle glycogen oxidation (36.0 ± 3.0 vs. 51.0 ± 5.4 g/h) were lower. For the same relative workload (68 ± 3% V˙o 2 max: TS = 3.13 ± 0.96; SS = 2.34 ± 0.60 l O2/min), exogenous glucose (44.4 ± 1.8 vs. 33.6 ± 1.2 g/h) and muscle glycogen oxidation (73.8 ± 7.2 vs. 51.0 ± 5.4 g/h) were higher in TS. However, despite a higher energy expenditure in TS, liver glucose oxidation was similar in both groups (22.2 ± 3.0 vs. 24.0 ± 1.8 g/h). Thus exogenous glucose oxidation was selectively favored in TS during exercise, reducing both liver glucose and muscle glycogen oxidation.

Effect of increased free fatty acid supply on glucose metabolism and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in normal man

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Johnson ◽  
M. Argyraki ◽  
J. C. Thow ◽  
B. G. Cooper ◽  
G. Fulcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Activity

1. Experimental elevation of plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations has been postulated to decrease insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation and storage rates. Possible mechanisms were examined by measuring skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity and muscle glycogen content before and during hyperinsulinaemia while fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels were maintained. 2. Fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels were maintained in seven healthy male subjects by infusion of 20% (w/v) Intralipid (1 ml/min) for 120 min before and during a 240 min hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp (100 m-units h−1 kg−1) combined with indirect calorimetry. On the control day, 0.154 mol/l NaCl was infused. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy was performed before and at the end of the insulin infusion. 3. On the Intralipid study day serum triacylglycerol (2.24 ± 0.20 versus 0.67 ± 0.10 mmol/l), plasma non-esterified fatty acid (395 ± 13 versus 51 ± 1 μmol/l), blood glycerol (152 ± 2 versus 11 ± 1 μmol/l) and blood 3-hydroxybutyrate clamp levels [mean (95% confidence interval)] [81 (64–104) versus 4 (3–5) μmol/l] were all significantly higher (all P < 0.001) than on the control study day. Lipid oxidation rates were also elevated (1.07 ± 0.07 versus 0.27 ± 0.08 mg min−1 kg−1, P < 0.001). During the clamp with Intralipid infusion, insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal decreased by 28% (from 8.53 ± 0.77 to 6.17 ± 0.71 mg min−1 kg−1, P < 0.005). This was the result of a 48% decrease in glucose oxidation (3.77 ± 0.32 to 1.95 ± 0.21 mg min−1 kg−1, P<0.001), with no significant change in nonoxidative glucose disposal (4.76 ± 0.49 to 4.22 ± 0.57 mg min−1 kg−1, not significant). 4. Basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase activities (13.1 ± 1.9 versus 11.4 ± 2.3% and 30.8 ± 2.3 versus 27.6 ± 4.5%, respectively) were unaffected by the increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels. Similarly, basal (36.1 ± 2.7 versus 37.2 ± 1.4 μmol/g) and stimulated (40.0 ± 0.6 versus 37.6 ± 4.4 μmol/g) muscle glycogen levels were unaltered. Insulin-stimulated hexokinase activity was also not affected (0.52 ± 0.08 versus 0.60 ± 0.08 units/g wet weight). 5. Maintenance of plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels at fasting values resulted in an increase in lipid oxidation and was associated with a decrease in insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose uptake and glucose oxidation rates, but no change in non-oxidative glucose disposal. Increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels did not appear to have a direct inhibitory effect on glycogen synthase activity or storage of glucose as glycogen at these insulin levels.

Reduction in Muscle Glycogen and Protein Utilization with Glucose Feeding during Exercise

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis van Hamont ◽  
Christopher R. Harvey ◽  
Denis Massicotte ◽  
Russell Frew ◽  
François Peronnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Glucose Feeding ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Glucose Ingestion

Effects of feeding glucose on substrate metabolism during cycling were studied. Trained (60.0 ± 1.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1) males (N = 5) completed two 75 min, 80% VO2max trials: 125 g 13C-glucose (CHO); 13C-glucose tracer, 10 g (C). During warm-up (30 min 30% VO2max) 2 ⋅ 2 g 13C-glucose was given as bicarbonate pool primer. Breath samples and blood glucose were analyzed for 13C/ 12C with IRMS. Protein oxidation was estimated from urine and sweat urea. Indirect calorimetry (protein corrected) and 13C/ 12C enrichment in expired CO2 and blood glucose allowed exogenous (Gexo), endogenous (Gendo), muscle (Gmuscle), and liver glucose oxidation calculations. During exercise (75 min) in CHO versus C (respectively): protein oxidation was lower (6.8 ± 2.7, 18.8 ± 5.9 g; P = 0.01); Gendo was reduced (71.2 ± 3.8, 80.7 ± 5.7%; P = 0.01); Gmuscle was reduced (55.3 ± 6.1, 65.9 ± 6.0%; P = 0.01) compensated by increased Gexo (58.3 ± 2.1, 3.87 ± 0.85 g; P = 0.000002). Glucose ingestion during exercise can spare endogenous protein and carbohydrate, in fed cyclists, without gly-cogen depletion.

Oral [13C]glucose and endogenous energy substrate oxidation during prolonged treadmill running

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1255-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Couture ◽  
Denis Massicotte ◽  
Carole Lavoie ◽  
Claude Hillaire-Marcel ◽  
François Péronnet
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
Running Exercise ◽  
Sweat Production ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Endogenous Glucose

Six male subjects were studied during running exercise (120 min, 69% maximal oxygen consumption) with ingestion of a placebo or 3.5 g/kg of [13C]glucose (∼2 g/min). Indirect respiratory calorimetry corrected for urea excretion in urine and sweat, production of 13CO2 at the mouth, and changes in plasma glucose 13C/12C were used to compute energy substrate oxidation. The oxidation rate of exogenous glucose increased from 1.02 at minute 60 to 1.22 g/min at minute 120 providing ∼24 and 33% of the energy yield (%En). Glucose ingestion did not modify protein oxidation, which provided ∼4–5%En, but significantly increased glucose oxidation by ∼7%, reduced lipid oxidation by ∼16%, and markedly reduced endogenous glucose oxidation (1.25 vs. 2.21 g/min between minutes 80 and 120, respectively). The oxidation rate of glucose released from the liver (0.38 and 0.47 g/min, or 10–13%En at minutes 60 and 120, respectively), and of plasma glucose (1.30–1.69 g/min, or 34 and 45%En and 50 and 75% of glucose oxidation) significantly increased from minutes 60 to 120, whereas the oxidation of muscle glycogen significantly decreased (1.28 to 0.58 g of glucose/min, or 34 and 16%En and 50 and 25% of glucose oxidation). These results indicate that, during moderate prolonged running exercise, ingestion of a very large amount of glucose significantly reduces endogenous glucose oxidation, thus sparing muscle and/or liver glycogen stores.

scholarly journals Substrate source utilization during moderate intensity exercise with glucose ingestion in Type 1 diabetic patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Robitaille ◽  
M.-C. Dubé ◽  
S. J. Weisnagel ◽  
D. Prud'homme ◽  
D. Massicotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Exogenous Glucose

Substrate oxidation and the respective contributions of exogenous glucose, glucose released from the liver, and muscle glycogen oxidation were measured by indirect respiratory calorimetry combined with tracer technique in eight control subjects and eight diabetic patients (5 men and 3 women in both groups) of similar age, height, body mass, and maximal oxygen uptake, over a 60-min exercise period on cycle ergometer at 50.8% (SD 4.0) maximal oxygen uptake [131.0 W (SD 38.2)]. The subjects and patients ingested a breakfast (containing ∼80 g of carbohydrates) 3 h before and 30 g of glucose (labeled with 13C) 15 min before the beginning of exercise. The diabetic patients also received their usual insulin dose [Humalog = 9.1 U (SD 0.9); Humulin N = 13.9 U (SD 4.4)] immediately before the breakfast. Over the last 30 min of exercise, the oxidation of carbohydrate [1.32 g/min (SD 0.48) and 1.42 g/min (SD 0.63)] and fat [0.33 g/min (SD 0.10) and 0.30 g/min (SD 0.10)] and their contribution to the energy yield were not significantly different in the control subjects and diabetic patients. Exogenous glucose oxidation was also not significantly different in the control subjects and diabetic patients [6.3 g/30 min (SD 1.3) and 5.2 g/30 min (SD 1.6), respectively]. In contrast, the oxidation of plasma glucose and oxidation of glucose released from the liver were significantly lower in the diabetic patients than in control subjects [14.5 g/30 min (SD 4.3) and 9.3 g/30 min (SD 2.8) vs. 27.9 g/30 min (SD 13.3) and 21.6 g/30 min (SD 12.8), respectively], whereas that of muscle glycogen was significantly higher [28.1 g/30 min (SD 15.5) vs. 11.6 g/30 min (SD 8.1)]. These data indicate that, compared with control subjects, in diabetic patients fed glucose before exercise, substrate oxidation and exogenous glucose oxidation overall are similar but plasma glucose oxidation is lower; this is associated with a compensatory higher utilization of muscle glycogen.

Postnatal changes in regional blood flow during cold-induced shivering in sow-reared piglets

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 414-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Lossec ◽  
Claude Duchamp ◽  
Yves Lebreton ◽  
Patrick Herpin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Cold Challenge ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

To determine whether newborn pigs are able to display adequate cardiovascular adjustments favouring shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles soon after birth, regional blood flow and fractional distribution of cardiac output were determined in 1-day-old (n = 6) and 5-day-old (n = 6) conscious piglets at thermal neutrality and during cold exposure, using coloured microspheres. Five-day-old piglets stayed with the sow before the experiment. The cold challenge was designed to induce a similar increase (~+90%) in heat production at both ages. Skeletal muscle blood flow increased with both age (p < 0.05) and cold exposure (p < 0.001), with the effect of cold being more pronounced in 5-day-old piglets than in 1-day-old piglets (+60%, p < 0.05). The difference between individual muscles increased with age, with fractional blood flow being 41% higher in rhomboideus than in longissimus thoracis muscle during cold exposure in 5-day-old piglets (p < 0.05). Cardiac output was similar at both ages and increased by 23% in the cold (p < 0.001). At 1 day of age, there was no redistribution of cardiac output among the internal organs during the cold challenge, while at 5 days of age, the increase in muscle fractional blood flow was associated with a reduction (p < 0.05) in the fraction of cardiac output reaching the skin (-24%), the small intestine (-21%), and the liver (-20%). In conclusion, these results suggest that there is a rapid postnatal improvement of cardiovascular adjustments favouring blood perfusion and probably heat production during cold-induced shivering in the most oxidative muscles studied. This cardiovascular response may play a role in the postnatal enhancement of thermoregulation in piglets.Key words: skeletal muscle, blood distribution, shivering thermogenesis, piglet, age.

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