scholarly journals Respiration during feeding on solid food: alterations in breathing during mastication, pharyngeal bolus aggregation, and swallowing

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 674-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Matsuo ◽  
Karen M. Hiiemae ◽  
Marlis Gonzalez-Fernandez ◽  
Jeffrey B. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Expiratory Phase ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Respiratory Airflow ◽  
Food Transport ◽  
Better Than

During feeding, solid food is chewed and propelled to the oropharynx, where the bolus gradually aggregates while the larynx remains open and breathing continues. The aggregated bolus in the valleculae is exposed to respiratory airflow, yet aspiration is rare in healthy individuals. The mechanism for preventing aspiration during bolus aggregation is unclear. One possibility is that alterations in the pattern of respiration during feeding could help prevent inhalation of food from the pharynx. We hypothesized that respiration was inhibited during bolus aggregation in the valleculae. Videofluorography was performed on 10 healthy volunteers eating solid foods with barium. Respiration was monitored concurrently with plethysmography and nasal air pressure. The timing of events during mastication, food transport, pharyngeal bolus aggregation, and swallowing were measured in relation to respiration. Respiratory cycle duration decreased during chewing ( P < 0.001) but increased with swallowing ( P < 0.001). During 66 recordings of vallecular bolus aggregation, there was inspiration in 8%, expiration in 41%, a pause in breathing in 17%, and multiple phases (including inspiration) in 35%. Out of 98 swallows, 47% started in the expiratory phase and 50% started during a pause in breathing, irrespective of bolus aggregation in the valleculae. Plethysmography was better than nasal manometry for determining the end of active expiration during feeding and swallowing with solid food. The hypothesis is rejected in that respiration was not inhibited during bolus aggregation. These findings suggest that airflow through the pharynx does not have a role in preventing aspiration during bolus aggregation in the oropharynx.

scholarly journals Diagnostic characteristics of 11 formulae for calculating corrected flow time as measured by a wearable Doppler patch

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon-Émile S. Kenny ◽  
Igor Barjaktarevic ◽  
David C. Mackenzie ◽  
Andrew M. Eibl ◽  
Matthew Parrotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Flow Time ◽  
Cardiac Preload ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Corrected Flow Time ◽  
Corrected Flow

Abstract Background Change of the corrected flow time (Ftc) is a surrogate for tracking stroke volume (SV) in the intensive care unit. Multiple Ftc equations have been proposed; many have not had their diagnostic characteristics for detecting SV change reported. Further, little is known about the inherent Ftc variability induced by the respiratory cycle. Materials and methods Using a wearable Doppler ultrasound patch, we studied the clinical performance of 11 Ftc equations to detect a 10% change in SV measured by non-invasive pulse contour analysis; 26 healthy volunteers performed a standardized cardiac preload modifying maneuver. Results One hundred changes in cardiac preload and 3890 carotid beats were analyzed. Most of the 11 Ftc equations studied had similar diagnostic attributes. Wodeys’ and Chambers’ formulae had identical results; a 2% change in Ftc detected a 10% change in SV with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 93%, respectively. Similarly, a 3% change in Ftc calculated by Bazett’s formula displayed a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 93%. FtcWodey had 100% concordance and an R2 of 0.75 with change in SV; these values were 99%, 0.76 and 98%, 0.71 for FtcChambers and FtcBazetts, respectively. As an exploratory analysis, we studied 3335 carotid beats for the dispersion of Ftc during quiet breathing using the equations of Wodey and Bazett. The coefficient of variation of Ftc during quiet breathing for these formulae were 0.06 and 0.07, respectively. Conclusions Most of the 11 different equations used to calculate carotid artery Ftc from a wearable Doppler ultrasound patch had similar thresholds and abilities to detect SV change in healthy volunteers. Variation in Ftc induced by the respiratory cycle is important; measuring a clinically significant change in Ftc with statistical confidence requires a large sample of beats.

Toward a pragmatic migraine model for drug testing: 1. Cilostazol in healthy volunteers

Cephalalgia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Katrine Hansen ◽  
Song Guo ◽  
Messoud Ashina ◽  
Jes Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Rescue Medication ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Headache Intensity ◽  
Accompanying Symptoms

Background A model for the testing of novel antimigraine drugs should ideally use healthy volunteers for ease of recruiting. Cilostazol provokes headache in healthy volunteers with some migraine features such as pulsating pain quality and aggravation by physical activity. Therefore, this headache might respond to sumatriptan, a requirement for validation. The hypothesis of the present study was that sumatriptan but not placebo is effective in cilostazol-induced headache in healthy individuals. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design, 30 healthy volunteers of both sexes received cilostazol 200 mg on two separate days, each day followed by oral self-administered placebo or sumatriptan 50 mg. Headache response and accompanying symptoms were registered in a questionnaire by the participants themselves. Results Cilostazol induced a reproducible headache in 90% of the participants. The headache had several migraine-like features in most individuals. Median peak headache score was 2 on the sumatriptan day and 3 on the placebo day ( p = 0.17). There was no reduction in headache intensity two hours after sumatriptan ( p = 0.97) and difference in AUC 0 to four hours between two experimental days was not significant ( p = 0.18). On the placebo day eight participants took rescue medication compared to 3 on the sumatriptan day ( p = 0.13). Conclusion Despite similarities with migraine headache, cilostazol-induced headache in healthy volunteers does not respond to sumatriptan.

scholarly journals Experimentally-induced and real-world acute anxiety have no effect on goal-directed behaviour

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Gillan ◽  
MM Vaghi ◽  
FH Hezemans ◽  
Grothe S van Ghesel ◽  
J Dafflon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Real World ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Correlational Design ◽  
Acute Anxiety

AbstractCompulsivity is associated with failures in goal-directed control, an important cognitive faculty that protects against developing habits. But might this effect be explained by co-occurring anxiety? Previous studies have found goal-directed deficits in other anxiety disorders, and to some extent when healthy individuals are stressed, suggesting this is plausible. We carried out a causal test of this hypothesis in two experiments (between-subject N=88; within-subject N=50) that used the inhalation of hypercapnic gas (7.5% CO2) to induce an acute state of anxiety in healthy volunteers. In both experiments, we successfully induced anxiety, assessed physiologically and psychologically, but this did not affect goal-directed performance. In a third experiment (N=1413), we used a correlational design to test if real-life anxiety-provoking events (panic attacks, stressful events) impair goal-directed control. While small effects were observed, none survived controlling for individual differences in compulsivity. These data suggest that anxiety has no meaningful impact on goal-directed control.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 enzyme levels in patients with epilepsy

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 424-429
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Halil YASAK ◽  
Mustafa YILMAZ ◽  
Murat GÖNEN ◽  
Metin ATESCELIK ◽  
Mehtap GURGER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
Remission Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Epileptic Attack ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

ABSTRACT Objective: Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) enzyme levels were investigated in patients with epilepsy, epileptic seizure, remission period, and healthy individuals. Methods: Three main groups were evaluated, including epileptic seizure, patients with epilepsy in the non-seizure period, and healthy volunteers. The patients having a seizure in the Emergency department or brought by a postictal confusion were included in the epileptic attack group. The patients having a seizure attack or presenting to the Neurology outpatient department for follow up were included in the non-seizure (remission period) group. Results: The UCH-L1 enzyme levels of 160 patients with epilepsy (80 patients with epileptic attack and 80 patients with epilepsy in the non-seizure period) and 100 healthy volunteers were compared. Whereas the UCH-L1 enzyme levels were 8.30 (IQR=6.57‒11.40) ng/mL in all patients with epilepsy, they were detected as 3.90 (IQR=3.31‒7.22) ng/mL in healthy volunteers, and significantly increased in numbers for those with epilepsy (p<0.001). However, whereas the UCH-L1 levels were 8.50 (IQR=6.93‒11.16) ng/mL in the patients with epileptic seizures, they were 8.10 (IQR=6.22‒11.93) ng/mL in the non-seizure period, and no significant difference was detected (p=0.6123). When the UCH-L1 cut-off value was taken as 4.34 mg/mL in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity detected were 93.75 and 66.00%, respectively (AUG=0.801; p<0.0001; 95%CI 0.747‒0.848) for patients with epilepsy. Conclusion: Even though UCH-L1 levels significantly increased more in patients with epilepsy than in healthy individuals, there was no difference between epileptic seizure and non-seizure periods.

Metabolic response of humans to ingestion of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1821-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Mrochek ◽  
R L Jolley ◽  
D S Young ◽  
W J Turner
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Schizophrenic Patient ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Mental Patients

Abstract The identification of nicotinamide-N1-oxide as a metabolite in the urine of a schizophrenic patient prompted a study of the relative metabolism of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in mental patients and healthy volunteers. Metabolites quantified included N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, nicotinuric acid, and nicotinamide-N1-oxide. More of most of these metabolites evidently was excreted after nicotinamide ingestion than after nicotinic acid. At the highest doses (3000 mg/day), the relative proportions of these metabolites in the urine were changed. There were only slight difference between healthy individuals and mental patients in the quantities of metabolites excreted, and no statistically significant trends were noted.

scholarly journals Detection of human herpesvirus-7 by qualitative nested-PCR: comparison between healthy individuals and liver transplant recipients

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Luis Thomasini ◽  
Juliana de Moraes Martins ◽  
Daniela Corte Parola ◽  
Sandra Helena Alves Bonon ◽  
Ilka de Fátima Santana Ferreira Boin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplant ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Active Infection ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Liver Transplant Recipients

Diagnosis of human herpesvirus-7 active infection in transplant patients has proved difficult, because this virus is ubiquitous and can cause persistent infections in the host. The significance of viral DNA detected in leukocytes by PCR is unclear and cross-reaction in serological tests may occur. This study aimed to evaluate nested-PCR to detect human herpesvirus-7 active infection in liver transplant recipients compared to healthy individuals. human herpesvirus-7 nested-PCR was performed on leukocytes and sera of 53 healthy volunteers and sera of 29 liver transplant recipients. In healthy volunteers, human herpesvirus-7 was detected in 28.3% of leukocytes and 0% of serum. human herpesvirus-7 was detected in sera of 48.2% of the liver transplant recipients. Nested-PCR on DNA extracted from leukocytes detected latent infection and the study suggests that nested-PCR performed on serum could be useful to detect human herpesvirus-7 active infection in liver transplant recipients.

Plantar Pressures in Fiberglass Total Contact Casts vs. a New Diabetic Walking Boot

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian E. Pollo ◽  
James W. Brodsky ◽  
Stephanie J. Crenshaw ◽  
Chris Kirksey
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Foot Deformities ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Total Contact Cast ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Pressure Measurement System ◽  
Better Than

The objective of this study was to determine in healthy individuals whether the Bledsoe Diabetic Conformer Boot reduces plantar pressures as well as a fiberglass total contact cast. Eighteen normal subjects, without any prior foot or ankle problems, were recruited for this study. Plantar pressures were measured using the Novel Pedar™ in-shoe pressure measurement system. The results of this study demonstrate that in individuals without foot deformities, the Bledsoe Diabetic Conformer Boot™ performs as well as, and in many parameters, even better than a fiberglass total contact cast with respect to reducing the forces and pressures on the plantar surface of the foot.

scholarly journals The Estimates of Retinal Ganglion Cell Counts Performed Better than Isolated Structure and Functional Tests for Glaucoma Diagnosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno L. B. Esporcatte ◽  
Andrea C. Kara-José ◽  
Luiz Alberto S. Melo ◽  
Luciano M. Pinto ◽  
Ivan M. Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Automated Perimetry ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Sd Oct

Purpose. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counts as estimated by combining data from standard automated perimetry (SAP) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).Methods. Healthy individuals and glaucoma patients were included in this cross-sectional study. All eyes underwent 24-2 SITA SAP and structural imaging tests. RGC count estimates were obtained using a previously described algorithm, which combines estimates of RGC numbers from SAP sensitivity thresholds and SD-OCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) average thickness.Results. A total of 119 eyes were evaluated, including 75 eyes of 48 healthy individuals and 44 eyes of 29 glaucoma patients. RGC count estimates performed better than data derived from SD-OCT RNFL average thickness or SAP mean deviation alone (area under ROC curves: 0.98, 0.92, and 0.79;P<0.001) for discriminating healthy from glaucomatous eyes, even in a subgroup of eyes with mild disease (0.97, 0.88, and 0.75;P<0.001). There was a strong and significant correlation between estimates of RGC numbers derived from SAP and SD-OCT (R2=0.74;P<0.001).Conclusion. RGC count estimates obtained by combined structural and functional data showed excellent diagnostic accuracy for discriminating the healthy from the glaucomatous eyes and performed better than isolated structural and functional parameters.

scholarly journals Non-contrast-enhanced MR portography and hepatic venography with time-spatial labeling inversion pulses: comparison at 1.5 Tesla and 3 Tesla

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 205846011558411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ohno ◽  
Hiroyoshi Isoda ◽  
Akihiro Furuta ◽  
Kaori Togashi
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Hepatic Vein ◽  
Inversion Recovery ◽  
3 Tesla ◽  
Selective Inversion ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Better Than

Background A 3 Tesla (3 T) magnetic resonance (MR) scanner is a promising tool for upper abdominal MR angiography. However, there is no report focused on the image quality of non-contrast-enhanced MR portography and hepatic venography at 3 T. Purpose To compare and evaluate images of non-contrast-enhanced MR portography and hepatic venography with time-spatial labeling inversion pulses (Time-SLIP) at 1.5 Tesla (1.5 T) and 3 T. Material and Methods Twenty-five healthy volunteers were examined using respiratory-triggered three-dimensional balanced steady-state free-precession (bSSFP) with Time-SLIP. For portography, we used one tagging pulse (selective inversion recovery) and one non-selective inversion recovery pulse; for venography, two tagging pulses were used. The relative signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were quantified, and the quality of visualization was evaluated. Results The CNRs of the main portal vein, right portal vein, and left portal vein at 3 T were better than at 1.5 T. The image quality scores for the portal branches of segment 4, 5, and 8 were significantly higher at 3 T than at 1.5 T. The CNR of the right hepatic vein (RHV) at 3 T was significantly lower than at 1.5 T. The image quality scores of RHV and the middle hepatic vein were higher at 1.5 T than at 3 T. For RHV visualization, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion Non-contrast-enhanced MR portography with Time-SLIP at 3 T significantly improved visualization of the peripheral branch in healthy volunteers compared with1.5 T. Non-contrast-enhanced MR hepatic venography at 1.5 T was better than at 3 T.

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