scholarly journals Influence of circulating cytokines on prolactin during slow vs. fast exertional heat stress followed by active or passive recovery

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Wright ◽  
Tom M. McLellan ◽  
Brian J. Friesen ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
Glen P. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Slow Heating ◽  
Fast Heating ◽  
Subsequent Recovery ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Exertional Heat Stress

Prolactin (PRL) has been suggested as an indicator of fatigue during exertional heat stress (EHS), given its strong relationship with body core temperature (Tc); however, the strength of this relationship during different rates of Tc increase and subsequent recovery is unknown. In addition, given the influence that systemic cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, have on the pituitary gland, it would be of interest to determine the relationship between PRL, IL-6, and TNF-α during EHS. The purpose was to examine the PRL, IL-6, and TNF-α heat stress responses during slow and fast heating and subsequent resting or cold water immersion recovery. On 4 days, nine individuals walked at ∼45% (slow heating) or ran at ∼65% (fast heating) maximal oxygen consumption on a treadmill in the heat (40°C, 30% relative humidity) until rectal temperature (Tre) reached 39.5°C (esophageal temperature; fast = 39.41 ± 0.04°C, slow = 39.82 ± 0.09°C). Post-EHS, subjects were either immersed in 2°C water or rested seated until Tre returned to 38.0°C. Venous blood, analyzed for PRL, IL-6, and TNF-α, was obtained at rest, during exercise (Tre 38.0, 39.0, 39.5°C), the start of recovery (∼5 min after 39.5°C), and subsequent recovery (Tre 39.0, 38.0°C). IL-6 exhibited myokine properties, given the greater increases with slow heating and lack of increase in TNF-α. A strong temperature-dependent PRL response during slow and fast heating provides additional support for the use of PRL as a peripheral marker of impending fatigue, which is independent of IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine responses.

scholarly journals Aural Canal, Esophageal, and Rectal Temperatures During Exertional Heat Stress and the Subsequent Recovery Period

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gagnon ◽  
Bruno B. Lemire ◽  
Ollie Jay ◽  
Glen P. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Heat Injury ◽  
Subsequent Recovery ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Exertional Heat Stress

Abstract Context: The measurement of body temperature is crucial for the initial diagnosis of exertional heat injury and for monitoring purposes during a subsequent treatment strategy. However, little information is available about how different measurements of body temperature respond during and after exertional heat stress. Objective: To present the temporal responses of aural canal (Tac), esophageal (Tes), and rectal (Tre) temperatures during 2 different scenarios (S1, S2) involving exertional heat stress and a subsequent recovery period. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-four healthy volunteers, with 12 (5 men, 7 women) participating in S1 and 12 (7 men, 5 women) participating in S2. Intervention(s): The participants exercised in the heat (42°C, 30% relative humidity) until they reached a 39.5°C cut-off criterion, which was determined by Tre in S1 and by Tes in S2. As such, participants attained different levels of hyperthermia (as determined by Tre) at the end of exercise. Participants in S1 were subsequently immersed in cold water (2°C) until Tre reached 37.5°C, and participants in S2 recovered in a temperate environment (30°C, 30% relative humidity) for 60 minutes. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured Tac, Tes, and Tre throughout both scenarios. Results: The Tes (S1  =  40.19 ± 0.41°C, S2  =  39.50 ± 0.02°C) was higher at the end of exercise compared with both Tac (S1  =  39.74 ± 0.42°C, S2  =  38.89 ± 0.32°C) and Tre (S1  =  39.41 ± 0.04°C, S2  =  38.74 ± 0.28°C) (for both comparisons in each scenario, P < .001). Conversely, Tes (S1  =  36.26 ± 0.74°C, S2  =  37.36 ± 0.34°C) and Tac (S1  =  36.48 ± 1.07°C, S2  =  36.97 ± 0.38°C) were lower compared with Tre (S1  =  37.54 ± 0.04°C, S2  =  37.78 ± 0.31°C) at the end of both scenarios (for both comparisons in each scenario, P < .001). Conclusions: We found that Tac, Tes, and Tre presented different temporal responses during and after both scenarios of exertional heat stress and a subsequent recovery period. Although these results may not have direct practical implications in the field monitoring and treatment of individuals with exertional heat injury, they do quantify the extent to which these body temperature measurements differ in such scenarios.

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)-free acid attenuates circulating TNF-α and TNFR1 expression postresistance exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. 1173-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy R. Townsend ◽  
Maren S. Fragala ◽  
Adam R. Jajtner ◽  
Adam M. Gonzalez ◽  
Adam J. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Tnf Α

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-free acid (HMB-FA) and cold-water immersion (CWI) on circulating concentrations of TNF-α and monocyte TNF-α receptor 1 (TNFR1) expression. Forty resistance-trained men (22.3 ± 2.4 yr) were randomized into four groups [placebo (PL), HMB-FA, CWI, and HMB-FA-CWI] and performed an acute, intense exercise protocol (four sets of up to 10 repetitions of the squat, dead lift, and split squat). Participants also performed four sets of up to 10 repetitions of the squat at 24 and 48 h following the initial exercise bout. Blood was sampled before exercise (PRE), immediately postexercise (IP), and 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h postexercise (30P, 24P, and 48P, respectively). Circulating TNF-α was assayed, and TNFR1 expression on CD14+ monocytes was measured by flow cytometry. The exercise protocol significantly elevated TNF-α in only PL ( P = 0.006) and CWI ( P = 0.045) IP. Mean percent changes show that TNF-α significantly increased from PRE to IP for only PL and CWI groups ( P < 0.05), whereas the percent change of TNF-α for HMB-FA and HMB-FA-CWI was not significant. TNFR1 expression was elevated in PL ( P = 0.023) and CWI ( P = 0.02) at 30P compared with PRE, whereas both HMB-FA-treated groups did not increase significantly. In conclusion, HMB-FA attenuated circulating TNF-α IP and TNFR1 expression during recovery compared with PL and CWI. HMB-FA supplementation may attenuate the initial immune response to intense exercise, which may reduce recovery time following intense exercise.

scholarly journals The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Followed by Short-Term Cold-Water Immersion on the Inflammatory State in Healthy Recreational Athletes: A Cross-Over Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4239
Author(s):  
Marta Pawłowska ◽  
Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska ◽  
Tomasz Boraczyński ◽  
Michał Boraczyński ◽  
Karolina Szewczyk-Golec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lysosomal Enzymes ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory State

Cold-water immersion (CWI) after exercise is a method used by sportsmen to improve recovery. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a 3 min CWI on the inflammatory state by measuring levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and activities of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and lysosomal enzymes, including arylsulfatase (ASA), acid phosphatase (AcP), and cathepsin D (CTS D), in the blood of healthy recreational athletes. Male volunteers (n = 22, age 25 ± 4.8 yr) performed a 30 min submaximal aerobic exercise, followed by a 20 min rest at room temperature (RT-REST) or a 20 min rest at room temperature with an initial 3 min 8 °C water bath (CWI-REST). Blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, and after 20 min of recovery. The IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels and the AAT activity increased significantly immediately after exercise. The IL-6 level was significantly higher after CWI-REST than after RT-REST. No changes in the activities of the lysosomal enzymes were observed. The effect of a 3 min CWI on the level of inflammatory markers during post-exercise recovery was limited. Thus, it might be considered as a widely available method of regeneration for recreational athletes.

scholarly journals The effect of cold-water immersion after eccentric exercise on oxidative and inflammatory responses in skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-239
Author(s):  
Tohid Hemmatzade Bedovli ◽  
Maryam Nourshahi ◽  
Rana Fayaz Milani ◽  
Siavash Parvarde
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Normal Water

Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation increase after eccentric exercise. Cold-water immersion after exercise is common among athletes to accelerate recovery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold-water immersion after eccentric exercise on the oxidative and inflammatory responses in skeletal muscle. Methods: One hundred male Wistar rats (weight 285.11 ± 41.65) were randomly divided into control, eccentric exercise, eccentric exercise + normal water, and eccentric exercise + cold water groups. Half, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after eccentric exercise, EDL muscle was removed in sterile conditions. The eccentric exercise involves 90 minutes of interval running on the treadmill at a speed of 16 m/min and a -16-degree slope. Muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by DCFDA and immunohistochemical staining. Kolmogorov-Smirnov for normality test and repeated measure ANOVA and Tukey’s post-Hoc tests for compare groups were used with a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: After eccentric exercise, ROS and TNF-α levels significantly (P<0.05) increased in the three experimental groups. The peak of ROS increase in the eccentric exercise, eccentric exercise + normal water, and eccentric exercise + cold water groups were recorded significantly (P<0.001) half, 48, and 72 hours after eccentric exercise, respectively. Also, the peak of TNF-α increase was significantly higher in the eccentric exercise and eccentric exercise + normal water groups were at 48 hours and in the eccentric exercise + cold water groups was at 72 hours after eccentric exercise (P<0.001). Conclusion: Immersion in cold water causes an increase and delays the peak of ROS and TNF-α after eccentric exercise, which is probably related to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, after unaccustomed, eccentric, and damaging exercise, immersion in cold water is not recommended.

Influencia del masaje ZNAR y la inmersión en agua fría en el proceso inflamatorio, Creatin Kinasa y percepción al dolor muscular en jugadores de voleibol (Influence of ZNAR massage and cold water immersion on the inflammatory process, Creatine Kinase and

Retos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Zeltzin Nereyda Alonso Ramos ◽  
Blanca Rocío Rangel Colmenero ◽  
Myriam Zarai García Dávila ◽  
Gerardo Enrique Muñoz Maldonado ◽  
José Raul Hoyos Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α

  Las estrategias que aminoren el dolor, la inflamación y el daño muscular provocados por la actividad física de alta intensidad en atletas son de interés en la recuperación deportiva, por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue conocer el efecto del masaje ZNAR y la inmersión en agua fría a 10° sobre el proceso inflamatorio a través de la interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina 10 (IL-10), el factor de necrosis tumoral Alpha (TNF-α), el daño muscular mediante la Creatin Kinasa (CK) y la percepción al dolor muscular a través de la escala visual análoga de dolor (EVA) en jugadores de voleibol. Participaron 19 atletas divididos en un grupo control y un grupo experimental, sometidos a dos protocolos de recuperación (masaje ZNAR e inmersión en agua fría) posterior a un test de inducción a la fatiga. Se cuantifico la IL-6, IL-10, TNF, CK y EVA. Los resultados mostraron cambios significativos (p < .05) en las tomas de recuperación en el comportamiento del proceso inflamatorio, la CK y la percepción al dolor muscular con ambos métodos de recuperación. Conclusión, el Masaje ZNAR favorece a la recuperación de la IL-6 y la IL-10 además de la disminución de la CK y la percepción al dolor muscular.  Abstract: The strategies that reduce pain, inflammation and muscle damage caused by high intensity activity in athletes are of interest in sports recovery, the objective of the study was to know the effect of ZNAR massage and cold water immersion at 10 ° on the inflammatory process through interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor Alpha (TNF-α), muscle damage through Creatine Kinase (CK) and the perception of muscle pain through the visual analoge scale (VAS) in volleyball players. 19 athletes were divided into a control group and an experimental group, submitted to two recovery protocols (ZNAR massage and cold water immersion) after a fatigue induction test. IL-6, IL-10, TNF, CK and EVA were quantified. The results showed significant changes (p < .05) in the recovery shots in the behavior of the inflammatory process, the CK and the perception of muscle pain with both recovery methods. Conclusion, the ZNAR Massage favors the recovery of IL-6 and IL-10 in addition to the decrease in CK and the perception of muscle pain

scholarly journals Expression of intracellular cytokines, HSP72, and apoptosis in monocyte subsets during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (3) ◽  
pp. R575-R586 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Selkirk ◽  
T. M. McLellan ◽  
H. E. Wright ◽  
S. G. Rhind
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Monocyte Subsets ◽  
Intracellular Cytokines ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Exertional Heat Stress

This study examined intracellular cytokine, heat shock protein (HSP) 72, and cellular apoptosis in classic and inflammatory CD14+monocyte subsets during exertional heat stress (EHS). Subjects were divided into endurance-trained [TR; n = 12, peak aerobic power (V̇o2peak) = 70 ± 2 ml·kg lean body mass (LBM)−1·min−1] and sedentary-untrained (UT; n = 11, V̇o2peak= 50 ± 1 ml·kg LBM−1·min−1) groups before walking at 4.5 km/h with 2% elevation in a climatic chamber (40°C, 30% relative humidity) wearing protective clothing until exhaustion (Exh). Venous blood samples at baseline and 0.5°C rectal temperature increments (38.0, 38.5, 39.0, 39.5, and 40.0°C/Exh) were analyzed for cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-1ra, and IL-10) in CD14++CD16−/CD14+CD16+and HSP72/apoptosis in CD14Bri/CD14Dimsubsets. In addition, serum levels of extracellular (e)HSP72 were also examined. Baseline and Exh samples were separately stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) or heat shocked (42°C) and cultured in vitro for 2 h. A greater temperature-dependent increase in CD14+CD16+cells was observed in TR compared with UT subjects as well as a greater LPS tolerance following in vitro LPS stimulation. TNF-α and IL-1β cytokine expression was elevated in CD14+CD16+but not in CD14++CD16−cells. A greater induction of intracellular HSP72 and eHSP72 was observed in TR compared with UT subjects, which coincided with reduced apoptosis at Exh and following in vitro heat shock. Induced HSP in vitro was not uniform across CD14+subsets. Findings suggest that circulating CD14+CD16+, but not CD14++CD16−monocytes, contribute to the proinflammatory cytokine profiles observed during EHS. In addition, the enhanced HSP72 response in endurance-trained individuals may confer improved heat tolerance through both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.

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