Invited Review: Understanding airway pathophysiology with computed tomograpy

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 854-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Brown ◽  
Wayne Mitzner
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mechanistic Insight ◽  
Airway Pathology ◽  
Large Airways

Conventional pulmonary function tests are limited in the mechanistic insight that they can provide by the fact that they can only provide average measures of lung function. For example, a measurement of decreased expiratory flow assessed with conventional spirometry could result from narrowed large airways, narrowed small airways, closed airways, altered elasticity, or regional heterogeneities in parenchyma or airways. To examine specific mechanisms and pathology in the airways, a method is required that can actually look at specific individual airways. Over the past decade, several more direct methods of assessing specific mechanisms and structural alterations in normal airways and airway pathology in asthma have become available for such purposes. One such method is high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), a method that allows the study of multiple individual airways during either contraction to closure or relaxation in real time, as well as changes in airway size with changes in lung volume. Although other imaging modalities have the potential to image airways in vivo, none presently has the convenience and the accessibility coupled with the resolution required to visualize the parenchymal airways in vivo. Although HRCT may never be widely utilized for routine measurements or screening, because of radiation exposure, cost issues, and a limited ability to follow changes over extended time periods, the method has distinct and unique advantages in quantifying the behavior of airways in vivo. In this mini-review, we focus on these capabilities of HRCT by briefly reviewing highlights of experimental results from several canine and human studies.

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

In-vivo topography of structural alterations of the anterior cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Zetzsche ◽  
UW Preuss ◽  
T Frodl ◽  
D Watz ◽  
G Schmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Structural Alterations

Novel Findings of Anti-cancer Property of Propofol

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqiang Wang ◽  
Chien-shan Cheng ◽  
Yan Lu ◽  
Xiaowei Ding ◽  
Minmin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Intravenous Anesthetic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Attention

Background: Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, is traditionally applied for sedation and general anesthesia. Explanation: Recent attention has been drawn to explore the effect and mechanisms of propofol against cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, the proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing properties of propofol in cancer have been studied. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Conclusion: This review focused on the findings within the past ten years and aimed to provide a general overview of propofol's malignance-modulating properties and the potential molecular mechanisms.

scholarly journals Interfacing cells with organic transistors: a review of in vitro and in vivo applications

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-820
Author(s):  
Andrea Spanu ◽  
Laura Martines ◽  
Annalisa Bonfiglio
Keyword(s):  
Organic Transistors ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

This review focuses on the applications of organic transistors in cellular interfacing. It offers a comprehensive retrospective of the past, an overview of the latest innovations, and a glance on the future perspectives of this fast-evolving field.

scholarly journals Estimates of epidemiology, mortality and disease burden associated with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease in France (the PROGRESS study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouhamad Nasser ◽  
Sophie Larrieu ◽  
Loic Boussel ◽  
Salim Si-Mohamed ◽  
Fabienne Bazin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Healthcare Resource ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Healthcare Database ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilisation ◽  
Kaplan Meier

Abstract Background There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology, survival estimates and healthcare resource utilisation and associated costs of patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) in France. An algorithm for extracting claims data was developed to indirectly identify and describe patients with PF-ILD in the French national administrative healthcare database. Methods The French healthcare database, the Système National des Données de Santé (SNDS), includes data related to ambulatory care, hospitalisations and death for 98.8% of the population. In this study, algorithms based on age, diagnosis and healthcare consumption were created to identify adult patients with PF-ILD other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis between 2010 and 2017. Incidence, prevalence, survival estimates, clinical features and healthcare resource usage and costs were described among patients with PF-ILD. Results We identified a total of 14,413 patients with PF-ILD. Almost half of them (48.1%) were female and the mean (± standard deviation) age was 68.4 (± 15.0) years. Between 2010 and 2017, the estimated incidence of PF-ILD ranged from 4.0 to 4.7/100,000 person-years and the estimated prevalence from 6.6 to 19.4/100,000 persons. The main diagnostic categories represented were exposure-related ILD other than hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 3486; 24.2%), idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (n = 3113; 21.6%) and rheumatoid arthritis-associated ILD (n = 2521; 17.5%). Median overall survival using Kaplan–Meier estimation was 3.7 years from the start of progression. During the study, 95.2% of patients had ≥ 1 hospitalisation for respiratory care and 34.3% were hospitalised in an intensive care unit. The median (interquartile range) total specific cost per patient during the follow-up period was €25,613 (10,622–54,287) and the median annual cost per patient was €18,362 (6856–52,026), of which €11,784 (3003–42,097) was related to hospitalisations. Limitations included the retrospective design and identification of cases through an algorithm in the absence of chest high-resolution computed tomography scans and pulmonary function tests. Conclusions This large, real-world, longitudinal study provides important insights into the characteristics, epidemiology and healthcare resource utilisation and costs associated with PF-ILD in France using a comprehensive and exhaustive database, and provides vital evidence that PF-ILD represents a high burden on both patients and healthcare services. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03858842. ISRCTN, ISRCTN12345678. Registered 3 January 2019—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03858842

scholarly journals Effects of Surface Protein Adsorption on the Distribution and Retention of Intratumorally Administered Gold Nanoparticles

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Rossana Terracciano ◽  
Aobo Zhang ◽  
E. Brian Butler ◽  
Danilo Demarchi ◽  
Jason H. Hafner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Quantitative Ct ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intratumoral Distribution

The heterogeneous distribution of delivery or treatment modalities within the tumor mass is a crucial limiting factor for a vast range of theranostic applications. Understanding the interactions between a nanomaterial and the tumor microenvironment will help to overcome challenges associated with tumor heterogeneity, as well as the clinical translation of nanotheranostic materials. This study aims to evaluate the influence of protein surface adsorption on gold nanoparticle (GNP) biodistribution using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) preclinical imaging in C57BL/6 mice harboring Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumors. LLC provides a valuable model for study due to its highly heterogenous nature, which makes drug delivery to the tumor challenging. By controlling the adsorption of proteins on the GNP surface, we hypothesize that we can influence the intratumoral distribution pattern and particle retention. We performed an in vitro study to evaluate the uptake of GNPs by LLC cells and an in vivo study to assess and quantify the GNP biodistribution by injecting concentrated GNPs citrate-stabilized or passivated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) intratumorally into LLC solid tumors. Quantitative CT and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) results both confirm the presence of particles in the tumor 9 days post-injection (n = 8 mice/group). A significant difference is highlighted between citrate-GNP and BSA-GNP groups (** p < 0.005, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test), confirming that the protein corona of GNPs modifies intratumoral distribution and retention of the particles. In conclusion, our investigations show that the surface passivation of GNPs influences the mechanism of cellular uptake and intratumoral distribution in vivo, highlighting the spatial heterogeneity of the solid tumor.

Altered allergen-induced eosinophil trafficking and physiological dysfunction in airways with preexisting virus-induced injury

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. L85-L91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Sorkness ◽  
Kathryn M. Herricks ◽  
Renee J. Szakaly ◽  
Robert F. Lemanske ◽  
Louis A. Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Allergen Challenge ◽  
Allergen Exposure ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
Airway Wall ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Airway Pathology ◽  
Air Space

Although both asthmatics and allergic rhinitics develop an acute inflammatory response to lower airway allergen challenge, only asthmatics experience airway obstruction resulting from chronic environmental allergen exposure. Hypothesizing that asthmatic airways have an altered response to chronic allergic inflammation, we compared the effects of repeated low-level exposures to inhaled Alternaria extract in sensitized rats with preexisting chronic postbronchiolitis airway dysfunction versus sensitized controls with normal airways. Measurements of air space (bronchoalveolar lavage) inflammatory cells, airway goblet cells, airway wall collagen, airway wall eosinophils, airway alveolar attachments, and pulmonary physiology were conducted after six weekly exposures to aerosolized saline or Alternaria extract. Postbronchiolitis rats, but not those starting with normal airways, had persistent increases in airway wall eosinophils, goblet cell hyperplasia in small airways, and loss of lung elastic recoil after repeated exposure to aerosolized Alternaria extract. Despite having elevated airway wall eosinophils, the postbronchiolitis rats had no eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage at 5 days after the last allergen exposure, suggesting altered egression of tissue eosinophils into the air space. In conclusion, rats with preexisting airway pathology had altered eosinophil trafficking and allergen-induced changes in airway epithelium and lung mechanics that were absent in sensitized control rats that had normal airways before the allergen exposures.

On the past, present, and future of in vivo science

Lab Animal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen P. Neff
Keyword(s):  
The Past

scholarly journals Noninvasive quantification of heterogeneous lung growth following extensive lung resection by high-resolution computed tomography

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 1569-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuneyt Yilmaz ◽  
Priya Ravikumar ◽  
D. Merrill Dane ◽  
Dennis J. Bellotto ◽  
Robert L. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Lung Resection ◽  
Lung Growth ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Extensive Resection ◽  
Compensatory Lung Growth

To quantify the in vivo magnitude and distribution of regional compensatory lung growth following extensive lung resection, we performed high-resolution computed tomography at 15- and 30-cmH2O transpulmonary pressures and measured air and tissue (including microvascular blood) volumes within and among lobes in six adult male foxhounds, before and after balanced 65% lung resection (∼32% removed from each side). Each lobe was identified from lobar fissures. Intralobar gradients in air and tissue volumes were expressed along standardized x, y, z-coordinate axes. Fractional tissue volume (FTV) was calculated as the volume ratio of tissue/(tissue + air). Following resection compared with before, lobar air and tissue volumes increased 1.8- to 3.5-fold, and whole lung air and tissue volumes were 67 and 90% of normal, respectively. Lobar-specific compliance doubled post-resection, and whole lung-specific compliance normalized. These results are consistent with vigorous compensatory growth in all remaining lobes. Compared with pre-resection, post-resection interlobar heterogeneity of FTV, assessed from the coefficient of variation, decreased at submaximal inflation, but was unchanged at maximal inflation. The coefficient of variation of intralobar FTV gradients changed variably due to the patchy development of thickened pleura and alveolar septa, with elevated alveolar septal density and connective tissue content in posterior-caudal and peripheral regions of the remaining lobes; these areas likely experienced disproportional mechanical stress. We conclude that HRCT can noninvasively and quantitatively assess the magnitude and spatial distribution of compensatory lung growth. Following extensive resection, heterogeneous regional mechanical lung strain may exceed the level that could be sustained solely by existing connective tissue elements.

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