Muscle size, neuromuscular activation, and rapid force characteristics in elderly men and women: effects of unilateral long-term disuse due to hip-osteoarthritis

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 942-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Suetta ◽  
P. Aagaard ◽  
S. P. Magnusson ◽  
L. L. Andersen ◽  
S. Sipilä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Hip Osteoarthritis ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Neuromuscular Activation ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Age Related

Substantial evidence exists for the age-related decline in muscle strength and neural function, but the effect of long-term disuse in the elderly is largely unexplored. The present study examined the effect of unilateral long-term limb disuse on maximal voluntary quadriceps contraction (MVC), lean quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (LCSA), contractile rate of force development (RFD, Δforce/Δtime), impulse (∫force d t), muscle activation deficit (interpolated twitch technique), maximal neuromuscular activity [electromyogram (EMG)], and antagonist muscle coactivation in elderly men (M: 60–86 yr; n = 19) and women (W: 60–86 yr; n = 20) with unilateral chronic hip-osteoarthritis. Both sides were examined to compare the effect of long-term decreased activity on the affected (AF) leg with the unaffected (UN) side. AF had a significant lower MVC (W: 20%; M: 20%), LCSA (W: 8%; M: 10%), contractile RFD (W: 17–26%; M: 15–24%), impulse (W: 10–19%, M: 19–20%), maximal EMG amplitude (W: 22–25%, M: 22–28%), and an increased muscle activation deficit (−18%) compared with UN. Furthermore, women were less strong (AF: 40%; UN: 39%), had less muscle mass (AF: 33%; UN: 34%), and had a lower RFD (AF: 38–50%; UN: 41–48%) compared with men. Similarly, maximum EMG amplitude was smaller for both agonists (AF: 51–63%; UN: 35–61%) and antagonist (AF: 49–64%; UN: 36–56%) muscles in women compared with men. However, when MVC and RFD were normalized to LCSA, there were no differences between genders. The present data demonstrate that disuse leads to a marked loss of muscle strength and muscle mass in elderly individuals. Furthermore, the data indicate that neuromuscular activation and contractile RFD are more affected by long-term disuse than maximal muscle strength, which may increase the future risk for falls.

Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1954-1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Suetta ◽  
Per Aagaard ◽  
Anna Rosted ◽  
Ane K. Jakobsen ◽  
Benn Duus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Force Development

The ability to develop muscle force rapidly may be a very important factor to prevent a fall and to perform other tasks of daily life. However, information is still lacking on the range of training-induced neuromuscular adaptations in elderly humans recovering from a period of disuse. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of three types of training regimes after unilateral prolonged disuse and subsequent hip-replacement surgery on maximal muscle strength, rapid muscle force [rate of force development (RFD)], muscle activation, and muscle size. Thirty-six subjects (60–86 yr) were randomized to a 12-wk rehabilitation program consisting of either 1) strength training (3 times/wk for 12 wk), 2) electrical muscle stimulation (1 h/day for 12 wk), or 3) standard rehabilitation (1 h/day for 12 wk). The nonoperated side did not receive any intervention and thereby served as a within-subject control. Thirty subjects completed the trial. In the strength-training group, significant increases were observed in maximal isometric muscle strength (24%, P < 0.01), contractile RFD (26–45%, P < 0.05), and contractile impulse (27–32%, P < 0.05). No significant changes were seen in the two other training groups or in the nontrained legs of all three groups. Mean electromyogram signal amplitude of vastus lateralis was larger in the strength-training than in the standard-rehabilitation group at 5 and 12 wk ( P < 0.05). In contrast to traditional physiotherapy and electrical stimulation, strength training increased muscle mass, maximal isometric strength, RFD, and muscle activation in elderly men and women recovering from long-term muscle disuse and subsequent hip surgery. The improvement in both muscle mass and neural function is likely to have important functional implications for elderly individuals.

scholarly journals Preserved Capacity for Adaptations in Strength and Muscle Regulatory Factors in Elderly in Response to Resistance Exercise Training and Deconditioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mæchel Fritzen ◽  
Frank D. Thøgersen ◽  
Khaled Abdul Nasser Qadri ◽  
Thomas Krag ◽  
Marie-Louise Sveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factors ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Muscle Regulatory Factors

Aging is related to an inevitable loss of muscle mass and strength. The mechanisms behind age-related loss of muscle tissue are not fully understood but may, among other things, be induced by age-related differences in myogenic regulatory factors. Resistance exercise training and deconditioning offers a model to investigate differences in myogenic regulatory factors that may be important for age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Nine elderly (82 ± 7 years old) and nine young, healthy persons (22 ± 2 years old) participated in the study. Exercise consisted of six weeks of resistance training of the quadriceps muscle followed by eight weeks of deconditioning. Muscle biopsy samples before and after training and during the deconditioning period were analyzed for MyoD, myogenin, insulin-like growth-factor I receptor, activin receptor IIB, smad2, porin, and citrate synthase. Muscle strength improved with resistance training by 78% (95.0 ± 22.0 kg) in the elderly to a similar extent as in the young participants (83.5%; 178.2 ± 44.2 kg) and returned to baseline in both groups after eight weeks of deconditioning. No difference was seen in expression of muscle regulatory factors between elderly and young in response to exercise training and deconditioning. In conclusion, the capacity to gain muscle strength with resistance exercise training in elderly was not impaired, highlighting this as a potent tool to combat age-related loss of muscle function, possibly due to preserved regulation of myogenic factors in elderly compared with young muscle.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle function and need for long-term care of urban elderly people in Japan (the Bunkyo Health Study): a prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e031584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Someya ◽  
Yoshifumi Tamura ◽  
Hideyoshi Kaga ◽  
Shuko Nojiri ◽  
Kazunori Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Term Care

PurposeThe proportion of elderly individuals (age ≥65 years) in Japan reached 27.7% in 2017, the highest in the world. A serious social problem in a super-aged society is the rise in the number of elderly people who need long-term care (LTC), which is mainly due to cerebrovascular disease, dementia, age-related frailty, falls and fractures, and joint disease. We hypothesised that decreased muscle mass, muscle strength and insulin sensitivity are the common risk factors for these diseases related to needing LTC. We developed a prospective cohort study of elderly subjects in an urban community to test this hypothesis. The primary objective is to prospectively investigate associations between muscle mass, muscle strength, and insulin sensitivity and incidence of main disease and risk factors of needing LTC. The primary outcomes are the incidence of cerebrovascular disease and cognitive decline.ParticipantsParticipants were 1629 people aged 65–84 years living in 13 communities in an urban area (Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan). Average age was 73.1±5.4 years.Findings to dateWe obtained baseline data on cognitive function, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) determined by brain MRI, body composition, bone mineral density, arteriosclerosis, physical function, muscle mass, muscle strength and insulin sensitivity. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia were observed in 18.1% and 3.3% of participants, respectively. The prevalence of cerebral SVD was 24.8%. These characteristics are similar to those previously reported in elderly Japanese subjects.Future plansWe will ask participants about their health status, including incidence of cerebrovascular disease, falls, fractures and other diseases every year by mail. We plan to re-evaluate cognitive function, brain MRI parameters and other parameters at 5 and 10 years after the baseline evaluation. We will evaluate whether low muscle function (muscle mass, muscle strength or insulin sensitivity) is a risk factor for cognitive decline or cerebrovascular disease.

scholarly journals Associations between Coenzyme Q10 Status, Oxidative Stress, and Muscle Strength and Endurance in Patients with Osteoarthritis

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275
Author(s):  
Po-Sheng Chang ◽  
Chi-Hua Yen ◽  
Yu-Yun Huang ◽  
Ching-Ju Chiu ◽  
Ping-Ting Lin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Coenzyme Q10 ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Age Related

Osteoarthritis (OA) causes oxidative stress. Coenzyme Q10 is an antioxidant that participates in energy production in the human body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among coenzyme Q10 status, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and muscle function in patients with OA. This case-control study recruited 100 patients with OA and 100 without OA. The coenzyme Q10 status, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, muscle mass (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscle strength (hand-grip and leg-back strength), and muscle endurance (dumbbell curls, gait speed, chair-stand test, and short physical performance battery) were measured. The results showed that both OA and elderly subjects had a low coenzyme Q10 status (<0.5 μM). Oxidative stress was significantly negatively correlated with muscle function (protein carbonyl, p < 0.05). Coenzyme Q10 level was positively associated with antioxidant capacity, muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle endurance in patients with OA (p < 0.05). Since OA is an age-related disease, coenzyme Q10 may be consumed by oxidative stress and thereby affect muscle function. Raising coenzyme Q10 in patients with OA could be suggested, which may benefit their antioxidant capacity and muscle function.

Aging Related Changes in the Kinematics of Walking: A Potential Pathway to Changes in Cartilage Morphology

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Boyer ◽  
T. P. Andriacchi
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ligament Stiffness ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Age Related Changes

Age-related changes in spatio-temporal and sagittal plane walking mechanics are well documented [1, 2]. These changes along with age-related changes in muscle strength, muscle activation patterns and ligament stiffness [3] may also lead to changes in both rotational and translation motions at the knee. It has been suggested that alterations in the normal kinematics of the knee related to aging may be a contributing factor to the increased incidence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) with aging [4].

CT-Based Muscle Attenuation May be Able to Account for Age- and Muscle-Specific Differences in Maximum Muscle Stress

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Anderson ◽  
Alexander G. Bruno ◽  
Brett T. Allaire ◽  
Mary L. Bouxsein
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Plantar Flexors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Musculoskeletal Models ◽  
Muscle Attenuation ◽  
Muscle Stress ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Isometric Muscle

In musculoskeletal modeling, isometric muscle strength has been primarily determined based on muscle size. Specifically, the maximum force a muscle can produce may be calculated as: (1)FMAX=MMS×PCSA where FMAX is maximum isometric muscle force, MMS is maximum muscle stress, and PCSA is muscle physiological cross-sectional area. In general, modeling studies have selected a constant value of MMS, and applied it to all muscles in the model. However, the values reported in the literature for MMS vary widely [1, 2], from as little as 23 N/cm2 up to 137 N/cm2. Furthermore, MMS is likely lower in older adults than young adults, as age-related declines in muscle strength are significantly greater than declines in muscle mass [3], and the specific tension of gastrocnemius fascicles is 30% lower in elderly men than young men [4]. In addition, MMS is not constant between muscle groups. For example, the MMS of the elbow flexors is much greater than that of the elbow extensors [1], while the MMS of the ankle dorsiflexors is more than twice that of the ankle plantar flexors [5]. Thus, the use of a single constant for MMS in musculoskeletal models does not account for differences between individuals or muscle groups, and there is a need for a quantitative approach to assign different values of MMS to muscles in musculoskeletal models.

scholarly journals Long-term leucine supplementation does not increase muscle mass or strength in healthy elderly men

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1468-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Verhoeven ◽  
Kristof Vanschoonbeek ◽  
Lex B Verdijk ◽  
René Koopman ◽  
Will KWH Wodzig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Leucine Supplementation ◽  
Increase Muscle Mass ◽  
Healthy Elderly

scholarly journals Eccentric Overload Flywheel Training in Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsi Kowalchuk ◽  
Scotty Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Eccentric Overload

Age-related reductions in muscle strength and muscle power can have significant adverse effects on functional performance in older adults. Exercise training has been shown to be a potent stimulus for improvements in strength and power. However, investigation into how to best optimize training-related adaptations, as well as the accessibility of training methods, is needed. Traditional (TR) methods using gravity-dependent free-weights or weight machines can improve and maintain strength and power but are limited in their ability to provide constant muscle tension and high levels of muscle activation throughout the lowering (eccentric) phase of lifting. Eccentric overload (EO) training may overcome these limitations and has been shown to result in potent adaptations in both young and older adults. Methods of producing EO are significantly limited from a practical perspective. The addition of whole-body flywheel training equipment provides a practical method of producing EO and may be appropriate for older adults wanting to optimize training outcomes. Our review provides limited evidence of the use of eccentric overload flywheel training as a novel training method in seniors. Through the review of literature, EO training overcame some of the limitations set forth by traditional resistance training and demonstrated to have key benefits when combating age-related changes affecting muscle strength and muscle power. It can be concluded that EO training is an important addition to the training arsenal for older adults. Flywheel training provides a practical method of achieving EO, increasing strength and power, combating age-related adaptations, and overall improving quality of life in older adults.

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