Exercise-induced cardiac preconditioning: how exercise protects your achy-breaky heart

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 905-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad R. Frasier ◽  
Russell L. Moore ◽  
David A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cardiac Mitochondria ◽  
Exercise Preconditioning ◽  
Cardiac Preconditioning ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Intensity Of Exercise

The ability of exercise to protect the heart against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is well known in both human epidemiological studies and experimental animal models. In this review article, we describe what is currently known about the ability of exercise to precondition the heart against infarction. Just 1 day of exercise can protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion damage, and this protection is upheld with months of exercise, making exercise one of the few sustainable preconditioning stimuli. Exercise preconditioning depends on the model and intensity of exercise, and appears to involve heightened oxidant buffering capacity, upregulated subunits of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels, and adaptations to cardiac mitochondria. We review the putative mechanisms involved in exercise preconditioning and point out many areas where future research is necessary to advance our understanding of how this stimulus confers resistance against I/R damage.

Interleukin-6 mediates exercise preconditioning against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (11) ◽  
pp. H1423-H1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Ripley McGinnis ◽  
Christopher Ballmann ◽  
Bridget Peters ◽  
Gayani Nanayakkara ◽  
Michael Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Myocardial Preconditioning ◽  
Exercise Preconditioning ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Protective Signaling

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury following pharmacological and ischemic preconditioning (IPC), but the affiliated role in exercise preconditioning is unknown. Our study purpose was to characterize exercise-induced IL-6 cardiac signaling ( aim 1) and evaluate myocardial preconditioning ( aim 2). In aim 1, C57 and IL-6−/− mice underwent 3 days of treadmill exercise for 60 min/day at 18 m/min. Serum, gastrocnemius, and heart were collected preexercise, immediately postxercise, and 30 and 60 min following the final exercise session and analyzed for indexes of IL-6 signaling. For aim 2, a separate cohort of exercise-preconditioned (C57 EX and IL-6−/− EX) and sedentary (C57 SED and IL-6−/− SED) mice received surgical I/R injury (30 min I, 120 min R) or a time-matched sham operation. Ischemic and perfused tissues were examined for necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In aim 1, serum IL-6 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), gastrocnemius, and myocardial IL-6R were increased following exercise in C57 mice only. Phosphorylated (p) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was increased in gastrocnemius and heart in C57 and IL-6−/− mice postexercise, whereas myocardial iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 were unchanged in the exercised myocardium. Exercise protected C57 EX mice against I/R-induced arrhythmias and necrosis, whereas arrhythmia score and infarct outcomes were higher in C57 SED, IL-6−/− SED, and IL-6−/− EX mice compared with SH. C57 EX mice expressed increased p-p44/42 MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204) and p-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182) compared with IL-6−/− EX mice, suggesting pathway involvement in exercise preconditioning. Findings indicate exercise exerts cardioprotection via IL-6 and strongly implicates protective signaling originating from the exercised skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals What Should I Eat before Exercise? Pre-Exercise Nutrition and the Response to Endurance Exercise: Current Prospective and Future Directions

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3473
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Rothschild ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding ◽  
Daniel J. Plews
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Training Performance ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Intensity Of Exercise

The primary variables influencing the adaptive response to a bout of endurance training are exercise duration and exercise intensity. However, altering the availability of nutrients before and during exercise can also impact the training response by modulating the exercise stimulus and/or the physiological and molecular responses to the exercise-induced perturbations. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current knowledge of the influence of pre-exercise nutrition ingestion on the metabolic, physiological, and performance responses to endurance training and suggest directions for future research. Acutely, carbohydrate ingestion reduces fat oxidation, but there is little evidence showing enhanced fat burning capacity following long-term fasted-state training. Performance is improved following pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion for longer but not shorter duration exercise, while training-induced performance improvements following nutrition strategies that modulate carbohydrate availability vary based on the type of nutrition protocol used. Contrasting findings related to the influence of acute carbohydrate ingestion on mitochondrial signaling may be related to the amount of carbohydrate consumed and the intensity of exercise. This review can help to guide athletes, coaches, and nutritionists in personalizing pre-exercise nutrition strategies, and for designing research studies to further elucidate the role of nutrition in endurance training adaptations.

scholarly journals Mulching as water-saving technique in dryland agriculture: review article

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abdul Kader ◽  
Ashutus Singha ◽  
Mili Amena Begum ◽  
Arif Jewel ◽  
Ferdous Hossain Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Dryland Agriculture ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
Agricultural Water Resources ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Agricultural water resources have been limited over the years due to global warming and irregular rainfall in the arid and semi-arid regions. To mitigate the water stress in agriculture, mulching has a crucial impact as a water-saving technique in rain-fed crop cultivation. It is important mainly for preserving soil moisture, relegating soil temperature, and limiting soil evaporation, which affects the crop yield. Mulching has many strategic effects on soil ecosystem, crop growth, and climate. Mulch insulates the soil, helping to provide a buffer from cold and hot temperatures that have a crucial activity in creating beautiful and protected landscapes. This study has accumulated a series of information about both organic and plastic mulch materials and its applicability on crop cultivation. Moreover, future research potentials of mulching with modeling were discussed to quantify water loss in agriculture.

scholarly journals Materials for Production of High and Ultra-High Performance Concrete: Review and Perspective of Possible Novel Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4304
Author(s):  
Markssuel Teixeira Marvila ◽  
Afonso Rangel Garcez de de Azevedo ◽  
Paulo R. de de Matos ◽  
Sergio Neves Monteiro ◽  
Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Ultra High Performance Concrete ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Essential Components

This review article proposes the identification and basic concepts of materials that might be used for the production of high-performance concrete (HPC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). Although other reviews have addressed this topic, the present work differs by presenting relevant aspects on possible materials applied in the production of HPC and UHPC. The main innovation of this review article is to identify the perspectives for new materials that can be considered in the production of novel special concretes. After consulting different bibliographic databases, some information related to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), mineral additions, aggregates, and chemical additives used for the production of HPC and UHPC were highlighted. Relevant information on the application of synthetic and natural fibers is also highlighted in association with a cement matrix of HPC and UHPC, forming composites with properties superior to conventional concrete used in civil construction. The article also presents some relevant characteristics for the application of HPC and UHPC produced with alkali-activated cement, an alternative binder to OPC produced through the reaction between two essential components: precursors and activators. Some information about the main types of precursors, subdivided into materials rich in aluminosilicates and rich in calcium, were also highlighted. Finally, suggestions for future work related to the application of HPC and UHPC are highlighted, guiding future research on this topic.

Prevention by NCX 4016, a nitric oxide-donating aspirin, but not by aspirin, of the acute endothelial dysfunction induced by exercise in patients with intermittent claudication

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (03) ◽  
pp. 444-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rino Migliacci ◽  
Alessandra Procacci ◽  
Paola De Monte ◽  
Erminio Bonizzoni ◽  
Paolo Gresele
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Intermittent Claudication ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Ncx 4016

SummaryIschemia/reperfusion damage evokes systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with intermittent claudication. We compared the effects of aspirin with those of a nitric oxide-donating aspirin in preventing the acute, systemic endothelial dysfunction provoked by exercise-induced ischemia of the lower limbs in patients with intermittent claudication. In a prospective, randomized, single-blind, parallel-groups trial among 44 patients with intermittent claudication we compared four weeks of aspirin (100 mg o.d.) with NCX 4016 (800 mg b.i.d.). Primary end point was the exercise-induced changes in brachial flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) at day 28; secondary end points were effort-induced changes of markers of neutrophil (plasma elastase) and endothelial (soluble VCAM-1) activation. Baseline FMD was comparable in the two groups, both on day I (pre-treatment: aspirin = 3.1 ± 0.5%, nitroaspirin = 3.9 ± 0.7%, p=NS), and on day 28 (aspirin = 3.4 ± 0.7%, NCX 4016 = 3.2 ± 0.6%, p=NS). Maximal treadmill exercise induced an acute worsening of FMD in both groups at baseline (aspirin = –1.15%, nitroaspirin = –1.76%); after four weeks treatment, the impairment of FMD induced by exercise was still present in the aspirin-treated group (- 1.46%) while it was abolished in the NCX 4016-treated group (+ 0.79%, p= 0.038 vs. aspirin). Similarly, exercise induced an increase of plasma elastase and of sVCAM-l which were not affected by aspirin while they were suppressed by NCX 4016. Maximal treadmill exercise induces a systemic arterial endothelial dysfunction in patients with intermittent claudication. A nitric oxide-donating aspirin, but not aspirin, prevents effort-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Inhibition of mitochondrial fission as a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce mortality upon myocardial infarction

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (20) ◽  
pp. 2163-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah A. Cooper ◽  
Satoru Eguchi
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mitochondrial Homeostasis ◽  
Acute Mi ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Receive Treatment

Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common event following myocardial infarction (MI) resulting in excessive oxidative stress, calcium overload, inflammation, and cardiomyocyte death. Mitochondrial homeostasis including their dynamics are imbalanced in cardiac I/R injury in favor of increased mitochondrial fission. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission prior to I/R injury is protective and improves cardiac function following MI. Clinically, patients with MI often receive treatment following initiation of the ischemic event. Thus, treatments with more realistic timing would have better translational value and are important to research. In a recent study published in Clinical Science, Maneechote et al. [Clin. Sci. (2018) 132, 1669–1683] examined the effect of inhibiting mitochondrial fission using the mitochondrial division inhibitor (Mdivi-1) at different time points, pre-ischemia, during-ischemia, and upon onset of reperfusion, in a rat cardiac I/R model. The findings showed the greatest cardiac function improvement with pre-ischemia treatment along with decreased mitochondrial fragmentation and increased mitochondrial function. Mdivi-1 given during ischemia and at onset of reperfusion also improved cardiac function, but to a lesser extent than pre-ischemia intervention. Maneechote et al. postulated that the LV protection by Mdivi-1 in cardiac I/R could be due to an improvement in mitochondrial dysfunction through attenuating excessive mitochondrial fission which then reduces apoptotic myocytes. Their findings provide new insights into future treatment of patients suffering acute MI which could consider targetting the excessive mitochondrial fission during cardiac ischemia or at onset of reperfusion. Here, we will further discuss the background of the study, potential molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial fission, consequences of the fission, and future research directions.

scholarly journals Analytical Review of Major Nocturnal Pests’ Detection Technique using Computer Vision

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Deven J. Patel ◽  
Nirav Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Pink Bollworm ◽  
Detection Technique ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Pest Detection ◽  
The Right

Research in agriculture is increasing quality and quantity, but pest reduces it. To prevent the effect of these pests, insecticides are used. But excessive use of pesticides is very harmful to production and environment. So initially pest detection is necessary. We work on nocturnal pests because that can be easily attracting using night trapping tools. The purpose of this review article is to analyse the popular techniques and find the right technique for the initial diagnosis and early detection of major nocturnal flying pests like Pink Bollworm, White Grub, Helicoverpa and Spodoptera. The importance of early detection can be in identifying and classifying the pests in a digital view. We have concluded our results with the various methods and the prospects of future research.

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