scholarly journals Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biff F. Palmer ◽  
Deborah J. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Potassium Homeostasis ◽  
Potassium Balance ◽  
Internal Distribution ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Normal Cellular Function

Total body potassium content and proper distribution of potassium across the cell membrane is of critical importance for normal cellular function. Potassium homeostasis is maintained by several different methods. In the kidney, total body potassium content is achieved by alterations in renal excretion of potassium in response to variations in intake. Insulin and beta-adrenergic tone play critical roles in maintaining the internal distribution of potassium under normal conditions. Despite homeostatic pathways designed to maintain potassium levels within the normal range, disorders of altered potassium homeostasis are common. The clinical approach to designing effective treatments relies on understanding the pathophysiology and regulatory influences which govern the internal distribution and external balance of potassium. Here we provide an overview of the key regulatory aspects of normal potassium physiology. This review is designed to provide an overview of potassium homeostasis as well as provide references of seminal papers to guide the reader into a more in depth discussion of the importance of potassium balance. This review is designed to be a resource for educators and well-informed clinicians who are teaching trainees about the importance of potassium balance.

scholarly journals Fluctuations in plasma potassium in patients on dialysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii19-iii25
Author(s):  
Csaba P Kovesdy
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Potassium Balance ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Plasma potassium concentration is maintained in a narrow range to avoid deleterious electrophysiologic consequences of both abnormally low and high levels. This is achieved by redundant physiologic mechanisms, with the kidneys playing a central role in maintaining both short-term plasma potassium stability and long-term total body potassium balance. In patients with end-stage renal disease, the lack of kidney function reduces the body’s ability to maintain normal physiologic potassium balance. Routine thrice-weekly dialysis therapy achieves long-term total body potassium mass balance, but the intermittent nature of dialytic therapy can result in wide fluctuations in plasma potassium concentration and consequently contribute to an increased risk of arrhythmogenicity. Various dialytic and nondialytic interventions can reduce the magnitude of these fluctuations, but the impact of such interventions on clinical outcomes remains unclear.

A Comparison of the Fat-Free Mass of Young Adults Estimated by Anthropometry, Body Density and Total Body Potassium Content

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Womersley ◽  
K. Boddy ◽  
Priscilla C. King ◽  
J. V. G. A. Durnin
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Male Subjects

1. The fat-free mass (FFM) of ten male and ten female subjects was calculated from measurement of (i) height and weight, (ii) skinfold thickness, (iii) body density, (iv and v) total body potassium by two different methods. All the subjects were apparently healthy and in the medium range of body build and they were mainly young adults. 2. The mean FFM of the ten male subjects was similar as calculated by all methods, although comparisons between pairs of methods sometimes produced discrepancies of up to 2 kg. 3. Agreement was less good for the females but, with the exception of one of the potassium methods, still reasonable. 4. The potassium content of the FFM as mEq K/kg of FFM, was compared with the direct analysis of Forbes, Gallup & Hursh (1961) on four male cadavers. The agreement was close for the men but the K content of the FFM in women was lower than that for men. This difference is discussed.

An Improved Method for the Determination of Potassium in Leucocytes

1983 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schlebusch ◽  
M. Sorger ◽  
A. Höck ◽  
F. KrüCk
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Potassium Balance ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Intracellular Potassium Concentration ◽  
Better Than

1. in twenty normal subjects and five patients with disturbances of potassium balance, the potassium concentration in leucocytes was measured by a modified technique. 2. The precision of the method was three to four times greater than that of techniques previously described, with a coefficient of variation for duplicate analyses of 2.3%. 3. A comparison between intraleucocyte potassium concentration and total body potassium in five patients with pathological alterations in their potassium balance showed that intracellular potassium concentration may reflect the clinical state better than total body potassium.

Antagonism of Depressed Extracellular Potassium Levels Against Histamine Toxicity in Mice

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Macmillan
Keyword(s):  
Protective Action ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Extracellular Potassium ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Low Potassium ◽  
Total Body

The lethality of histamine was studied in three groups of 110 CFw mice fed low, normal and high potassium content diets, respectively, for 5 weeks. The plasma potassium levels of the three groups on the 34th day were 3.2 ± 0.4 mEq K+/l. for the mice on the low potassium content, 5.7 ± 0.8 mEq K+/l. for the group on normal diet, and 5.4 ± 0.4 mEq K+/l. for the group on high potassium diet. The ld50's and 19/20 confidence limits for the respective groups to intravenous histamine were 240 (220.2–261.6) mg/kg, 189 (170.3–209.8) mg/kg, and 155 (142.5–168.6) mg/kg. These data indicate that a reduction in total body potassium offers a protective action against the production of histamine death in mice and confirm earlier reports that the presence of potassium in this species enhances the toxic effects of histamine. The results obtained cannot be explained on the basis of delayed circulation time, renal or adrenal pathology; however, they suggest a possible mechanism to explain the protective action of fasting against histamine toxicity in this species.

Nutritional Status of Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Heide ◽  
Andreas Pierratos ◽  
Ramesh Khanna ◽  
Jean Pettit ◽  
Raymond Ogilvie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Over Time

Nutritional follow-up of 20 CAPD patients for 18–24 months showed a decrease in total body nitrogen, increase in total body potassium and body weight, and a decrease in protein intake over time. There was no correlation between changes in TBN and the biochemical parameters measured. Serial dietetic assessments and measurements of total body nitrogen as well as adherence to an adequate protein intake will assist in the prevention of malnutrition in CAPD patients.

scholarly journals TOTAL BODY POTASSIUM IN LOW RENIN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION WITH REFERENCE TO THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 1522-1528
Author(s):  
Shin SUZUKI ◽  
Yutaka DOI ◽  
Shunsuke TASAKI ◽  
Wataru AOI ◽  
Morio KURAMOCHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Total Body

Magnitude and variation of ratio of total body potassium to fat-free mass: a cellular level modeling study

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. E1-E7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zimian Wang ◽  
F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer ◽  
Donald P. Kotler ◽  
Jack Wang ◽  
Richard N. Pierson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Fluid Compartment ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Living Organisms

Potassium is an essential element of living organisms that is found almost exclusively in the intracellular fluid compartment. The assumed constant ratio of total body potassium (TBK) to fat-free mass (FFM) is a cornerstone of the TBK method of estimating total body fat. Although the TBK-to-FFM (TBK/FFM) ratio has been assumed constant, a large range of individual and group values is recognized. The purpose of the present study was to undertake a comprehensive analysis of biological factors that cause variation in the TBK/FFM ratio. A theoretical TBK/FFM model was developed on the cellular body composition level. This physiological model includes six factors that combine to produce the observed TBK/FFM ratio. The ratio magnitude and range, as well as the differences in the TBK/FFM ratio between men and women and variation with growth, were examined with the proposed model. The ratio of extracellular water to intracellular water ( E/I) is the major factor leading to between-individual variation in the TBK/FFM ratio. The present study provides a conceptual framework for examining the separate TBK/FFM determinants and suggests important limitations of the TBK/FFM method used in estimating total body fat in humans and other mammals.

scholarly journals A New Total Body Potassium Method to Estimate Total Body Skeletal Muscle Mass in Children

2007 ◽  
Vol 137 (8) ◽  
pp. 1988-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZiMian Wang ◽  
Stanley Heshka ◽  
Angelo Pietrobelli ◽  
Zhao Chen ◽  
Analiza M. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Total Body
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