Evaluating metabolic syndrome in a medical physiology laboratory

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Martin ◽  
John B. Watkins ◽  
J. W. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Program Step ◽  
Physiology Laboratory

The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of factors linked to obesity that contribute to risk for atherosclerosis and Type 2 diabetes, may affect 20–25% of the adults in the United States. We designed a medical physiology laboratory to evaluate and discuss the physiological and nutritional principles involved in the metabolic syndrome. The five criteria used to diagnose this syndrome (fasting blood triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose, blood pressure, central obesity) were measured by students on each other either previously or during this exercise. In addition, to illustrate nutritional factors involved in causation and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, a meal was provided during the laboratory. Class members were randomized to groups allowed ad libitum meal composition, or constrained to the National Cholesterol Education Program Step I or Step II diets. The composition of the diet (including saturated fat, cholesterol, dietary fiber, and carbohydrate content) was discussed in the context of blood cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels. This laboratory allows a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and nutritional factors involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Modern fat technology: what is the potential for heart health?

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Upritchard ◽  
M. J. Zeelenberg ◽  
H. Huizinga ◽  
P. M. Verschuren ◽  
E. A. Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

Saturated andtrans-fatty acids raise total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and are known to increase the risk of CHD, while dietary unsaturated fatty acids play important roles in maintaining cardiovascular health. Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats in the diet often involves many complex dietary changes. Modifying the composition of foods high in saturated fat, particularly those foods that are consumed daily, can help individuals to meet the nutritional targets for reducing the risk of CHD. In the 1960s the Dutch medical community approached Unilever about the technical feasibility of producing margarine with a high-PUFA and low-saturated fatty acid composition. Margarine is an emulsion of water in liquid oil that is stabilised by a network of fat crystals. In-depth expertise of fat crystallisation processes allowed Unilever scientists to use a minimum of solid fat (saturated fatty acids) to structure a maximum level of PUFA-rich liquid oil, thus developing the first blood-cholesterol-lowering product, Becel. Over the years the composition of this spread has been modified to reflect new scientific findings and recommendations. The present paper will briefly review the developments in fat technology that have made these improvements possible. Unilever produces spreads that are low in total fat and saturated fat, virtually free oftrans-fatty acids and with levels ofn-3 andn-6 PUFA that are in line with the latest dietary recommendations for the prevention of CHD. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome have a 2–4-fold increased risk of developing CHD; therefore, these spreads could make a contribution to CHD prevention in this group. In addition, for individuals with the metabolic syndrome the spreads could be further modified to address their unique dyslipidaemia, i.e. elevated blood triacylglycerols and low HDL-cholesterol. Research conducted in the LIPGENE study and other dietary intervention studies will deliver the scientific evidence to justify further modifications in the composition of spreads that are healthy for the heart disease risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome among young adults at high and low familial risk for depression

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Shimrit Daches ◽  
Miklós Vértes ◽  
Karen Matthews ◽  
Edit Dósa ◽  
Eniko Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Background Our study examined whether the early-onset depression phenotype among young adults (probands) is associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, and if MetS characterizes unaffected but high-risk siblings of probands. Methods We studied three groups of young adults (Mage = 25 years, s.d. = 3.84 years): probands with histories of childhood onset depression – i.e. early-onset phenotype – (n = 293), their unaffected siblings (high-risk siblings, n = 273), and healthy controls (n = 171). Participants completed a full psychiatric interview, physical and laboratory assessments, and self-rating scales. MetS was defined using the criteria of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001). Results Early-onset depression phenotype and being a high-risk sibling were associated with higher MetS composite scores relative to that of controls, but did not differ from one another. With regard to MetS components: Probands and siblings had similarly larger waist circumference and lower HDL than did controls, while siblings and controls had lower triglyceride levels than did probands but did not differ from one another. Groups did not differ on glucose levels and SBP. Conclusions Our study extends the literature on the association between MetS and depression and underscores the importance of depression phenotypes: failure to account for the clinical heterogeneity of depression may partly underlie the inconsistent findings regarding its relation to MetS. The results also suggest that, in depression-prone populations, MetS may predate and possibly function as a risk factor for eventual depression.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome between 1999 and 2014 in the United States adult population and the impact of the 2007–2008 recession: an NHANES study

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 861-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Marcotte-Chénard ◽  
Thomas A. Deshayes ◽  
Ahmed Ghachem ◽  
Martin Brochu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Impact

To document changes in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the United States adult population between 1999 and 2014 and to explore how variations in the dietary intakes explain changes in MetS prevalence and its components over time. A total of 38 541 individuals (aged 20–85 years; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2014) were studied. Outcome variables were MetS, waist circumference (WC), plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides, fasting glucose (FG) levels, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, dietary intakes (total daily energy, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, sodium, and alcohol intakes), the poverty income ratio (PIR) and sociodemographic data (age, sex, ethnicity). Overall, the prevalence of the MetS significantly increased between 1999 and 2014 (27.9% to 31.5%). High plasma FG levels and high WC increased between 1999 and 2014, while the prevalence of the other components of MetS decreased or remained stable. Interestingly, a significant peak in MetS prevalence was observed in 2007–2008 compared with 1999–2006 (34.4% vs 27.6%), accompanied by a concomitant increase in WC and plasma FG levels, as well as a decrease in plasma HDL-c. Finally, significant decreases were observed for the PIR, total daily energy intake, sodium, and all macronutrient intakes in 2007–2008 compared with 1999–2006 (all P < 0.01). Results showed that the MetS prevalence significantly increased between 1999 and 2014 in the United States adult population, with a peak in 2007–2008. Interestingly, the 2007–2008 peak in MetS prevalence was accompanied by decreases in the PIR, total daily energy, and macronutrients intakes, suggesting potential impact of the 2007–2008 recession.

Abstract 111: HDL-apolipoprotein A-I Exchange Is Impaired in the Metabolic Syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S Borja ◽  
Bradley Hammerson ◽  
Olga V Savinova ◽  
Gregory C Shearer ◽  
Michael N Oda
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Hdl Function ◽  
Significant Negative Impact

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is associated with a host of cardiovascular risk factors including increased waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Changes in HDL function, especially the ability to participate in reverse cholesterol transport, are more indicative of the atheroprotective properties of HDL compared to HDL-C levels alone. In this study, we determine the association of HDL-apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) exchange, a measure of HDL remodeling/apoA-I exchange, with MetSyn and its individual components. Methods and Results: We analyzed HDL-apoA-I exchange (HAE) in the plasma of 60 well-characterized subjects with MetSyn and 14 healthy control subjects. HAE measurements were obtained using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) following incubation of plasma with lipid-freeapoA-I containing a methanethiosulfonate spin label. HAE positively correlated with plasma HDL-C and apoA-I levels, and inversely correlated with fasting blood glucose levels, blood pressure, BMI, and triglycerides. Multiple linear regression showed that HAE is significantly correlated with MetSyn (HAE: r2 = 0.57, P<0.0001), though MetSyn subjects on statins exhibited significantly higher HAE compared to subjects not on statins. Conclusions: MetSyn has a significant negative impact on HDL remodelin/apoA-I exchange, as measured by HAE. HAE is a strong identifier of MetSyn status even after adjusting for individual components of MetSyn.

scholarly journals Major Depression and the Metabolic Syndrome

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra L. Foley ◽  
Katherine I. Morley ◽  
Pamela A. F. Madden ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
John B. Whitfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe aim of this study is to characterize the relationship between major depression and the metabolic syndrome in a large community based sample of Australian men and women aged 26–90 years. A lifetime history of major depression was assessed by telephone interview following the DSM–III-R. A current history of metabolic syndrome was assessed following the United States National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP AP-III) guidelines 1 to 3 years later. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between depression and the metabolic syndrome, and its component criteria, controlling for age, sex and alcohol dependence. There was no association between a lifetime history of major depression and the presence of the metabolic syndrome. There was a weak association between depression and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not with other component criteria of the metabolic syndrome. Despite calls for interventions directed at depression to reduce the onset of the metabolic syndrome there are important failures to replicate in large samples such as this, no consensus regarding the threshold at which depression may pose a significant risk even allowing for heterogeneity across populations, and no consensus regarding confounders that may explain inter-study differences. The absence of any dosage effect of depression on the associated risk for the metabolic syndrome in other unselected samples does not support a direct causal relationship. The call for intervention studies on the basis of the currently published evidence base is unwarranted.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome in Police Personnel

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6728
Author(s):  
James D. Yates ◽  
Jeffrey W. F. Aldous ◽  
Daniel P. Bailey ◽  
Angel M. Chater ◽  
Andrew C. S. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Job Type ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Police Personnel ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Markers ◽  
Police Forces

Hypertension and metabolic syndrome (METSYN) are reportedly high in police forces. This may contribute to health deterioration and absenteeism in police personnel. Police forces comprise of staff in ‘operational’ and ‘non-operational’ job types but it is not known if job type is associated to hypertension and METSYN prevalence. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of hypertension and METSYN, the factors associated with the risk of hypertension and METSYN, and compare physiological, psychological, and behavioural factors between operational and non-operational police personnel. Cross-sectional data was collected from 77 operational and 60 non-operational police workers. Hypertension and METSYN were prevalent in 60.5% and 20% of operational and 60.0% and 13.6% of non-operational police personnel, respectively (p > 0.05). Operational job type, moderate organisational stress (compared with low stress) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with lower odds of hypertension, whereas increasing body mass index was associated with increased odds of hypertension (p < 0.05). None of the independent variables were significantly associated with the odds of METSYN. Operational police had several increased cardiometabolic risk markers compared with non-operational police. Given the high prevalence of hypertension and METSYN in operational and non-operational personnel, occupational health interventions are needed for the police and could be informed by the findings of this study.

scholarly journals Cortisol, DHEAS, their ratio and the metabolic syndrome: evidence from the Vietnam Experience Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 162 (5) ◽  
pp. 919-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C Phillips ◽  
Douglas Carroll ◽  
Catharine R Gale ◽  
Janet M Lord ◽  
Wiebke Arlt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vietnam Era

ObjectivesThe aim of these analyses was to examine the association of cortisol, DHEAS and the cortisol:DHEAS ratio with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components.DesignThe analyses were cross-sectional.MethodsParticipants were 4255 Vietnam era US army veterans. From military service files, telephone interviews and a medical examination, occupational, socio-demographic and health data were collected. MetS was ascertained from data on body mass index; fasting blood glucose or a diagnosis of diabetes; blood pressure or a diagnosis of hypertension; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and triglyceride levels. Contemporary morning fasted cortisol and DHEAS concentrations were determined. The outcomes were MetS and its components. Analysis was by logistic regression, first adjusting for age and then additionally for an array of candidate confounders.ResultsCortisol, although not in the fully adjusted analysis, and DHEAS were both related to MetS. Whereas high cortisol concentrations were associated with an increased risk of MetS, high DHEAS concentrations appeared protective. By far, the strongest associations with MetS were observed for the cortisol:DHEAS ratio; the higher the ratio, the greater the risk of having MetS. The ratio was also significantly related to four of the five MetS components.ConclusionsThe cortisol:DHEAS ratio is positively associated with MetS. Prospective analyses are needed to help untangle direction of causality, but this study suggests that the cortisol:DHEAS ratio is worthy of further study in this and other health contexts.

scholarly journals The Endocrine and Metabolic Characteristics of a Large Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Clinic Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1834-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa Mujahid ◽  
Katharine F Hunt ◽  
Yee S Cheah ◽  
Elizabeth Forsythe ◽  
Jonathan M Hazlehurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Bardet Biedl Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Context Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which previous reports have described obesity and a metabolic syndrome. Objective We describe the endocrine and metabolic characteristics of a large BBS population compared with matched control subjects. Design We performed a case-control study. Setting This study was performed at a hospital clinic. Patients Study patients had a clinical or genetic diagnosis of BBS. Main Outcome Measurements Our study determined the prevalence of a metabolic syndrome in our cohort. Results A total of 152 subjects were studied. Eighty-four (55.3%) were male. Mean (± standard deviation) age was 33.2 ± 1.0 years. Compared with age-, sex-, and body mass index–matched control subjects, fasting glucose and insulin levels were significantly higher in subjects with BBS (glucose: BBS, 5.2 ± 1.2 mmol/L vs control, 4.9 ± 0.9 mmol/L, P = 0.04; insulin: BBS, 24.2 ± 17.0 pmol/L vs control, 14.2 ± 14.8 pmol/L, P &lt; 0.001). Serum triglycerides were significantly higher in subjects with BBS (2.0 ± 1.2 mmol/L) compared with control subjects (1.3 ± 0.8 mmol/L; P &lt; 0.001), but total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were similar in both groups. Systolic blood pressure was higher in the BBS group (BBS, 135 ± 18 mm Hg vs control subjects, 129 ± 16 mm Hg; P = 0.02). Alanine transaminase was raised in 34 (26.8%) subjects with BBS, compared with five (8.9%) control subjects (P = 0.01). The rate of metabolic syndrome, determined using International Diabetes Federation criteria, was significantly higher in the BBS group (54.3%) compared with control subjects (26% P &lt; 0.001). Twenty-six (19.5%) of male subjects with BBS were hypogonadal (serum testosterone, 9.9 ± 5.3 mmol/L), but significant pituitary abnormalities were uncommon. Subclinical hypothyroidism was present in 24 of 125 (19.4%) patients with BBS, compared with 3 of 65 (4.6%) control subjects (P = 0.01). Conclusions Insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome are increased in adult patients with BBS compared with matched control subjects. Increased subclinical hypothyroidism in the BBS cohort needs further investigation.

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