Electrical Conductivity and Density of Molten Cryolite with Additives

1953 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junius D. Edwards ◽  
Cyril S. Taylor ◽  
Lee A. Cosgrove ◽  
Allen S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Molten Cryolite

Electrical Conductivity of Molten Cryolite and Potassium, Sodium, and Lithium Chlorides

1952 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junius D. Edwards ◽  
Cyril S. Taylor ◽  
Allen S. Russell ◽  
L. Frank Maranville
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Molten Cryolite

Density, Viscosity and Electrical Conductivity of the Molten Cryolite Electrolytes (Na 3 AlF 6 –SiO 2 ) for Solar Grade Silicon (Si–SoG) Electrowinning

Silicon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Korenko ◽  
Zuzana Vasková ◽  
Jozef Priščák ◽  
František Šimko ◽  
Marta Ambrová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Solar Grade Silicon ◽  
Grade Silicon ◽  
Molten Cryolite

scholarly journals The Electrical Conductivity of Molten Oxide-Fluoride Cryolite Mixtures

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7419
Author(s):  
Pavel Arkhipov ◽  
Olga Tkacheva
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Viscous Flow ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Cryolite Ratio ◽  
Aluminum Reduction ◽  
Molten Oxide ◽  
Molten Cryolite

A new way to reduce the energy consumption during the operation of powerful aluminum reduction cells is suggested via reducing the resistance of the electrolyte, i.e., increasing its electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of molten cryolite mixtures NaF-AlF3-CaF2-Al2O3 with cryolite ratio (CR) of 2.1–3.0 and content of CaF2 and Al2O3, up to 8 wt%, was measured at the temperatures from liquidus to 1300 K. Based on the experimental results, a multifunctional equation for the electrical conductivity of oxide-fluoride cryolite melts was evaluated. The experimental and calculated values of the electrical conductivity agree within 1.5%. The activation energy of the electrical conductivity of the NaF-AlF3-CaF2-Al2O3 melts was estimated. The activation energy of electrical conductivity for molten NaF-AlF3 mixtures with CR 3.0 and 2.1, determined by the most mobile cations Na+, increased from 15.8 kJ/mol up to 18.5 kJ/mol. It was found that CR had a greater impact on the activation energy than the changes in the Al2O3 or CaF2 concentrations. Based on the ratio of the activation energies of the electrical conductivity and the viscous flow, the correlation between the electrical conductivity and viscosity of molten cryolite mixtures NaF-AlF3-CaF2-Al2O3 was illustrated.

Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
John C. Russ ◽  
Nicholas C. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Continuum

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.

Macromolecular structures of biological specimens are not obscured by controlled osmium impregnation

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
Klaus-Ruediger Peters ◽  
Samuel A. Green
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
High Magnification ◽  
Osmium Impregnation ◽  
Instrumental Resolution ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Continuous Metal

High magnification imaging of macromolecules on metal coated biological specimens is limited only by wet preparation procedures since recently obtained instrumental resolution allows visualization of topographic structures as smal l as 1-2 nm. Details of such dimensions may be visualized if continuous metal films with a thickness of 2 nm or less are applied. Such thin films give sufficient contrast in TEM as well as in SEM (SE-I image mode). The requisite increase in electrical conductivity for SEM of biological specimens is achieved through the use of ligand mediated wet osmiuum impregnation of the specimen before critical point (CP) drying. A commonly used ligand is thiocarbohvdrazide (TCH), first introduced to TEM for en block staining of lipids and glvcomacromolecules with osmium black. Now TCH is also used for SEM. However, after ligand mediated osinification nonspecific osmium black precipitates were often found obscuring surface details with large diffuse aggregates or with dense particular deposits, 2-20 nm in size. Thus, only low magnification work was considered possible after TCH appl ication.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document