Application of a Magnetohydrodynamic Generator‐Detector Electrode to Hydrodynamic Voltammetry

1984 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 1295-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoichi Aogaki ◽  
Kazuo Fueki
Author(s):  
Klaus-Ruediger Peters

Environmental SEM operate at specimen chamber pressures of ∼20 torr (2.7 kPa) allowing stabilization of liquid water at room temperature, working on rugged insulators, and generation of an environmental secondary electron (ESE) signal. All signals available in conventional high vacuum instruments are also utilized in the environmental SEM, including BSE, SE, absorbed current, CL, and X-ray. In addition, the ESEM allows utilization of the flux of charge carriers as information, providing exciting new signal modes not available to BSE imaging or to conventional high vacuum SEM.In the ESEM, at low vacuum, SE electrons are collected with a “gaseous detector”. This detector collects low energy electrons (and ions) with biased wires or plates similar to those used in early high vacuum SEM for SE detection. The detector electrode can be integrated into the first PLA or positioned at any other place resulting in a versatile system that provides a variety of surface information.


2016 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunyhik D. Ahn ◽  
Karthik Somasundaram ◽  
H.Viet Nguyen ◽  
Erik Birgersson ◽  
Jim Yang Lee ◽  
...  

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Yamada ◽  
Hiroaki Matsuda

1976 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Váradi ◽  
M. Gratzl ◽  
E. Pungor

1971 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Yamada ◽  
Hiroaki Matsuda

2007 ◽  
Vol 178 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
C COUTINHO ◽  
M SILVA ◽  
M CALEGARO ◽  
S MACHADO ◽  
L MAZO

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