Extensions of GOMS analyses to expert performance requiring perception of dynamic visual and auditory information

Both oral and written communication is influential and prevalent in modern societies. This research study focused on interpersonal communication practices in a business context. The aim was to determine whether youths between 18 and 23 years of age undertaking their six-month period of internship as novice employees were adequately prepared to meet the demands of the workplace. Data were collected from the employers at organisations that employed novice employees. This provided critical perspectives on the competency of young people to cope with the communication demands of the workplace. Quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were used. Sixty eight (68) employers completed the questionnaires. Interviews were also conducted with six randomly selected employers at the organisations where the young people were undertaking their respective internships. The findings show that workplace communication is complex and that many young people struggle to meet the challenges of communicating adequately in the workplace. Deliberate practice is fundamental to the development of communication skills and expert performance in the workplace. Recommendations are made to better prepare young people to face the challenges and demands of the dynamic workplace.

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Neuromodulatory Feedback to the Inferior Colliculus

The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.013.15 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 576-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Hurley

Keyword(s):

Inferior Colliculus ◽

Auditory System ◽

Auditory Processing ◽

Internal State ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Auditory Information ◽

Situational Variables ◽

Acoustic Stimuli ◽

Functionally Diverse ◽

Behavioral Information

The inferior colliculus (IC) receives prominent projections from centralized neuromodulatory systems. These systems include extra-auditory clusters of cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons. Although these modulatory sites are not explicitly part of the auditory system, they receive projections from primary auditory regions and are responsive to acoustic stimuli. This bidirectional influence suggests the existence of auditory-modulatory feedback loops. A characteristic of neuromodulatory centers is that they integrate inputs from anatomically widespread and functionally diverse sets of brain regions. This connectivity gives neuromodulatory systems the potential to import information into the auditory system on situational variables that accompany acoustic stimuli, such as context, internal state, or experience. Once released, neuromodulators functionally reconfigure auditory circuitry through a variety of receptors expressed by auditory neurons. In addition to shaping ascending auditory information, neuromodulation within the IC influences behaviors that arise subcortically, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Neuromodulatory systems therefore provide a route for integrative behavioral information to access auditory processing from its earliest levels.

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The Auditory Brainstem Implant

The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.013.28 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 758-770

Author(s):

Robert V. Shannon

Keyword(s):

Surgical Technique ◽

Cochlear Nucleus ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Auditory Brainstem ◽

Auditory Information ◽

Speech Understanding ◽

Auditory Neurons ◽

Auditory Brainstem Implant ◽

The Brain ◽

Implanted Device

The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a surgically implanted device to electrically stimulate auditory neurons in the cochlear nucleus complex of the brainstem in humans to restore hearing sensations. The ABI is similar in function to a cochlear implant, but overall outcomes are poorer. However, recent applications of the ABI to new patient populations and improvements in surgical technique have led to significant improvements in outcomes. While the ABI provides hearing benefits to patients, the outcomes challenge our understanding of how the brain processes neural patterns of auditory information. The neural pattern of activation produced by an ABI is highly unnatural, yet some patients achieve high levels of speech understanding. Based on a meta-analysis of ABI surgeries and outcomes, a theory is proposed of a specialized sub-system of the cochlear nucleus that is critical for speech understanding.

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Extraction of Auditory Information by Modulation of Neuronal Ion Channels

The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.013.23 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 272-300

Author(s):

Leonard K. Kaczmarek

Keyword(s):

Ion Channels ◽

Neuronal Firing ◽

Auditory Information ◽

Auditory Neurons ◽

Complex Sound ◽

Medial Nucleus ◽

Rapid Changes ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Trapezoid Body

All neurons express a subset of over seventy genes encoding potassium channel subunits. These channels have been studied in auditory neurons, particularly in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. The amplitude and kinetics of various channels in these neurons can be modified by the auditory environment. It has been suggested that such modulation is an adaptation of neuronal firing patterns to specific patterns of auditory inputs. Alternatively, such modulation may allow a group of neurons, all expressing the same set of channels, to represent a variety of responses to the same pattern of incoming stimuli. Such diversity would ensure that a small number of genetically identical neurons could capture and encode many aspects of complex sound, including rapid changes in timing and amplitude. This review covers the modulation of ion channels in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and how it may maximize the extraction of auditory information.All neurons express a subset of over seventy genes encoding potassium channel subunits. These channels have been studied in auditory neurons, particularly in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. The amplitude and kinetics of various channels in these neurons can be modified by the auditory environment. It has been suggested that such modulation is an adaptation of neuronal firing patterns to specific patterns of auditory inputs. Alternatively, such modulation may allow a group of neurons, all expressing the same set of channels, to represent a variety of responses to the same pattern of incoming stimuli. Such diversity would ensure that a small number of genetically identical neurons could capture and encode many aspects of complex sound, including rapid changes in timing and amplitude. This review covers the modulation of ion channels in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and how it may maximize the extraction of auditory information.

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A hierarchy of expert performance as applied to forensic anthropology

Journal of Forensic Sciences ◽

10.1111/1556-4029.14761 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie Hartley ◽

Allysha Powanda Winburn

Keyword(s):

Forensic Anthropology ◽

Expert Performance

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Implementation of a deep learning model for automated classification of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in real time

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89365-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Song-Quan Ong ◽

Hamdan Ahmad ◽

Gomesh Nair ◽

Pradeep Isawasan ◽

Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Real Time ◽

Aedes Albopictus ◽

Automated Classification ◽

Expert Performance ◽

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Set Up

AbstractClassification of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) by humans remains challenging. We proposed a highly accessible method to develop a deep learning (DL) model and implement the model for mosquito image classification by using hardware that could regulate the development process. In particular, we constructed a dataset with 4120 images of Aedes mosquitoes that were older than 12 days old and had common morphological features that disappeared, and we illustrated how to set up supervised deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) with hyperparameter adjustment. The model application was first conducted by deploying the model externally in real time on three different generations of mosquitoes, and the accuracy was compared with human expert performance. Our results showed that both the learning rate and epochs significantly affected the accuracy, and the best-performing hyperparameters achieved an accuracy of more than 98% at classifying mosquitoes, which showed no significant difference from human-level performance. We demonstrated the feasibility of the method to construct a model with the DCNN when deployed externally on mosquitoes in real time.

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Previously reward-associated sounds interfere with goal-directed auditory processing

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021821990033 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174702182199003

Author(s):

Andy J Kim ◽

David S Lee ◽

Brian A Anderson

Keyword(s):

Visual Processing ◽

Auditory Processing ◽

Dichotic Listening ◽

Auditory Information ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Subsequent Test ◽

Dichotic Listening Task ◽

Listening Task ◽

Task Irrelevant ◽

Visual Domain

Previously reward-associated stimuli have consistently been shown to involuntarily capture attention in the visual domain. Although previously reward-associated but currently task-irrelevant sounds have also been shown to interfere with visual processing, it remains unclear whether such stimuli can interfere with the processing of task-relevant auditory information. To address this question, we modified a dichotic listening task to measure interference from task-irrelevant but previously reward-associated sounds. In a training phase, participants were simultaneously presented with a spoken letter and number in different auditory streams and learned to associate the correct identification of each of three letters with high, low, and no monetary reward, respectively. In a subsequent test phase, participants were again presented with the same auditory stimuli but were instead instructed to report the number while ignoring spoken letters. In both the training and test phases, response time measures demonstrated that attention was biased in favour of the auditory stimulus associated with high value. Our findings demonstrate that attention can be biased towards learned reward cues in the auditory domain, interfering with goal-directed auditory processing.

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