Generic validation of structural content with parametric modules

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyng-Ruey Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Structural Content

scholarly journals Modelling ourselves: what the free energy principle reveals about our implicit notions of representation

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Sims ◽  
Giovanni Pezzulo
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Energy Principle ◽  
Philosophical Debate ◽  
Free Energy Principle ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Structural Content ◽  
Unified View

AbstractPredictive processing theories are increasingly popular in philosophy of mind; such process theories often gain support from the Free Energy Principle (FEP)—a normative principle for adaptive self-organized systems. Yet there is a current and much discussed debate about conflicting philosophical interpretations of FEP, e.g., representational versus non-representational. Here we argue that these different interpretations depend on implicit assumptions about what qualifies (or fails to qualify) as representational. We deploy the Free Energy Principle (FEP) instrumentally to distinguish four main notions of representation, which focus on organizational, structural, content-related and functional aspects, respectively. The various ways that these different aspects matter in arriving at representational or non-representational interpretations of the Free Energy Principle are discussed. We also discuss how the Free Energy Principle may be seen as a unified view where terms that traditionally belong to different ontologies—e.g., notions of model and expectation versus notions of autopoiesis and synchronization—can be harmonized. However, rather than attempting to settle the representationalist versus non-representationalist debate and reveal something about what representations are simpliciter, this paper demonstrates how the Free Energy Principle may be used to reveal something about those partaking in the debate; namely, what our hidden assumptions about what representations are—assumptions that act as sometimes antithetical starting points in this persistent philosophical debate.

scholarly journals Influence of the Share of Renewable Energy Sources on the Level of Energy Security in EECCA Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Trifonov ◽  
Dmitry Trukhan ◽  
Yury Koshlich ◽  
Valeriy Prasolov ◽  
Beata Ślusarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Structural Content ◽  
High Degree

In this study we aimed to determine the extent to which changes in the share of renewable energy sources, their structural complex, and the level of energy security in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) countries in the medium- and long-term are interconnected. The study was performed through modeling and determination of the structural characteristics of energy security in the countries. The methodology of the approach to modeling was based on solving the problem of nonlinear optimization by selecting a certain scenario. For the study, the data of EECCA countries were used. The ability of EECCA countries to benefit from long-term indirect and induced advantages of the transformation period depends on the extent to which their domestic supply chains facilitate the deployment of energy transformation and induced economic activity. This study provides an opportunity to assess the degree of influence of renewable energy sources on the level of energy security of countries in the context of energy resource diversification. The high degree of influence of renewable energy sources on energy security in the EECCA countries has been proven in the implementation of the developed scenarios for its increase. Energy security is growing. At the same time, its level depends not only on an increase in the share of renewable sources but also on the structure of energy resources complex of countries, and the development of various renewable energy sources. Therefore, today the EECCA countries are forced not only to increase the share of renewable energy sources but also to attach strategic importance to the structural content of their energy complex.

Pedagogical conditions of the development of language teachers’ professional communicative skills of written feedback

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Ershova
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Written Feedback ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Communicative Skills ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Structural Content ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
Task Types

The concept of ‘‘written pedagogical feedback’’ is analyzed, its types are singled out. Four pedagogical conditions for the development of future language teachers’ professional com-municative skills of written feedback are singled out. The first pedagogical condition is the clear structure of the course content. This condition is formulated based on the didactic principle of modularity of the structural content of education. The structure of the course content aimed at the development of language teachers’ professional communicative skills of written feedback is outlined. The course content consists of three structural elements, each of them being broken down into component parts. The second pedagogical condition is the implementation of the principle of reliance on intersubject connections. The necessity of taking into account knowledge, skills, abilities and experience acquired by students in the course of study within the discipline ‘‘Foreign language’’ and disciplines of their professional cycle is explained. The third pedagogical condition is students’ language proficiency level being developed at B2 level according to Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) or higher. To formulate this condition, the analysis of ten CEFR scales with the skills which underlie the process of giving students written feedback after assessing their written works was carried out. The fourth pedagogical condition is the use of mono- and polyfunctional communicative tasks. The terms ‘‘exercise’’ and ‘‘task’’ in language teaching are analyzed, the task types that can be used to develop future teachers’ professional communicative skills of written feedback are identified.

scholarly journals Regulation of dynamic characteristics of bridge spans in the conditions of the changing impact of the temporary moving load

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
Vladimir Mikhailovich Kartopoltsev ◽  
◽  
Andrey Vladimirovich Kartopoltsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Moving Load ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Oscillatory Process ◽  
Natural Oscillations ◽  
Structural Content ◽  
Bridge Structures ◽  
National Programs ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bridge Spans

It is known that an unregulated structure is likened to an unadjusted musical instrument [7]. The adjusted dynamic stress-strain state of the bridge spans will be adequate to the parameters of the design and operational state as a result of the introduction of regulation and control of fl uctuations in the conditions of the changing impact of the temporary mobile load. Methods for regulating dynamic characteristics by changing the frequency of natural oscillations of the system, taking into account energy dissipation, as well as introducing into the oscillatory process a transformed form of intense oscillations in the process of artifi cial or selective resonance, in which the oscillations of the system either damp or cease to be dangerous, are especially carefully considered. Attention is focused on the infl uence of the defectiveness of the roadway with an increase in the mass and speed of a temporary moving load. For this purpose, a classifi er of bridge deck defects has been developed to clarify the boundaries of the eff ect of a defect on the dynamic operation of a structure [1, 3]. Analysis of the structural content and criteria for determining shows the insuffi ciency of the components assessing the eff ect of the temporary mobile load on the span under non-stationary oscillations, and also reveals contradictions in the assessment of the dynamic additive . The practical use of the research results is advisable by the Ministry of Transport Construction in the implementation of state national programs and projects for improving structures, calculation methods, design and operation of bridge structures

scholarly journals Low-resolution structure of the soluble domain GPAA1 (yGPAA170–247) of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase subunit GPAA1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuan Geok Saw ◽  
Birgit Eisenhaber ◽  
Frank Eisenhaber ◽  
Gerhard Grüber
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Solution Structure ◽  
Scattering Data ◽  
Radius Of Gyration ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Eukaryotic Proteins ◽  
Structural Content ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Gpi Transamidase

The GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) transamidase complex catalyses the attachment of GPI anchors to eukaryotic proteins in the lumen of ER (endoplasmic reticulum). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPI transamidase complex consists of the subunits yPIG-K (Gpi8p), yPIG-S (Gpi17p), yPIG-T (Gpi16p), yPIG-U (CDC91/GAB1) and yGPAA1. We present the production of the two recombinant proteins yGPAA170–247 and yGPAA170–339 of the luminal domain of S. cerevisiae GPAA1, covering the amino acids 70–247 and 70–339 respectively. The secondary structural content of the stable and monodisperse yGPAA170–247 has been determined to be 28% α-helix and 27% β-sheet. SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) data showed that yGPAA170–247 has an Rg (radius of gyration) of 2.72±0.025 nm and Dmax (maximum dimension) of 9.14 nm. These data enabled the determination of the two domain low-resolution solution structure of yGPAA170–247. The large elliptical shape of yGPAA170–247 is connected via a short stalk to the smaller hook-like domain of 0.8 nm in length and 3.5 nm in width. The topological arrangement of yGPAA170–247 will be discussed together with the recently determined low-resolution structures of yPIG-K24–337 and yPIG-S38–467 from S. cerevisiae in the GPI transamidase complex.

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