An insertion algorithm for a minimal internal path length binary search tree

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Gerasch
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Insertion Algorithm

scholarly journals An almost sure result for path lengths in binary search trees

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 363-376
Author(s):  
F. M. Dekking ◽  
L. E. Meester
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Random Permutation ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search Trees ◽  
Search Trees ◽  
Total Path Length ◽  
Path Lengths

This paper studies path lengths in random binary search trees under the random permutation model. It is known that the total path length, when properly normalized, converges almost surely to a nondegenerate random variableZ. The limit distribution is commonly referred to as the ‘quicksort distribution’. For the class 𝒜mof finite binary trees with at mostmnodes we partition the external nodes of the binary search tree according to the largest tree that each external node belongs to. Thus, the external path length is divided into parts, each part associated with a tree in 𝒜m. We show that the vector of these path lengths, after normalization, converges almost surely to a constant vector timesZ.

EXTREMAL WEIGHTED PATH LENGTHS IN RANDOM BINARY SEARCH TREES

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik Aguech ◽  
Nabil Lasmar ◽  
Hosam Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Divisible Distribution ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Infinitely Divisible ◽  
Average Behavior ◽  
Standard Normal Variate ◽  
Standard Normal ◽  
Path Lengths

We consider weighted path lengths to the extremal leaves in a random binary search tree. When linearly scaled, the weighted path length to the minimal label has Dickman's infinitely divisible distribution as a limit. By contrast, the weighted path length to the maximal label needs to be centered and scaled to converge to a standard normal variate in distribution. The exercise shows that path lengths associated with different ranks exhibit different behaviors depending on the rank. However, the majority of the ranks have a weighted path length with average behavior similar to that of the weighted path to the maximal node.

scholarly journals An almost sure result for path lengths in binary search trees

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Dekking ◽  
L. E. Meester
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Random Permutation ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search Trees ◽  
Search Trees ◽  
Total Path Length ◽  
Path Lengths

This paper studies path lengths in random binary search trees under the random permutation model. It is known that the total path length, when properly normalized, converges almost surely to a nondegenerate random variable Z. The limit distribution is commonly referred to as the ‘quicksort distribution’. For the class 𝒜m of finite binary trees with at most m nodes we partition the external nodes of the binary search tree according to the largest tree that each external node belongs to. Thus, the external path length is divided into parts, each part associated with a tree in 𝒜m. We show that the vector of these path lengths, after normalization, converges almost surely to a constant vector times Z.

scholarly journals A NEW WEIGHT BALANCED BINARY SEARCH TREE

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 485-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEONGHUN CHO ◽  
SARTAJ SAHNI
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search Trees ◽  
Search Trees ◽  
New Class ◽  
Avl Trees

We develop a new class of weight balanced binary search trees called β-balanced binary search trees (β-BBSTs). β-BBSTs are designed to have reduced internal path length. As a result, they are expected to exhibit good search time characteristics. Individual search, insert, and delete operations in an n node β-BBST take O( log n) time for [Formula: see text]. Experimental results comparing the performance of β-BBSTs, WB(α) trees, AVL-trees, red/black trees, treaps, deterministic skip lists and skip lists are presented. Two simplified versions of, β-BBSTs are also developed.

scholarly journals Revisiting calculation of moments of number of comparisons used by the randomized quick sort algorithm

2017 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Random Set ◽  
Total Path Length ◽  
Sort Algorithm ◽  
Quick Sort

We revisit the method of Kirschenhofer, Prodinger and Tichy to calculate the moments of number of comparisons used by the randomized quick sort algorithm. We reemphasize that this approach helps in calculating these quantities with less computation. We also point out that as observed by Knuth this method also gives moments for total path length of a binary search tree built over a random set of [Formula: see text] keys.

scholarly journals E-ART: A New Encryption Algorithm Based on the Reflection of Binary Search Tree

Cryptography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Bayan Alabdullah ◽  
Natalia Beloff ◽  
Martin White
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Avalanche Effect ◽  
High Security Level ◽  
Tree Data Structure

Data security has become crucial to most enterprise and government applications due to the increasing amount of data generated, collected, and analyzed. Many algorithms have been developed to secure data storage and transmission. However, most existing solutions require multi-round functions to prevent differential and linear attacks. This results in longer execution times and greater memory consumption, which are not suitable for large datasets or delay-sensitive systems. To address these issues, this work proposes a novel algorithm that uses, on one hand, the reflection property of a balanced binary search tree data structure to minimize the overhead, and on the other hand, a dynamic offset to achieve a high security level. The performance and security of the proposed algorithm were compared to Advanced Encryption Standard and Data Encryption Standard symmetric encryption algorithms. The proposed algorithm achieved the lowest running time with comparable memory usage and satisfied the avalanche effect criterion with 50.1%. Furthermore, the randomness of the dynamic offset passed a series of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical tests.

Improving the Red-Black tree delete algorithm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZEGOUR Djamel Eddine
Keyword(s):  
Data Structure ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Standard Algorithm ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Red Black Tree ◽  
Symbol Tables

Abstract Today, Red-Black trees are becoming a popular data structure typically used to implement dictionaries, associative arrays, symbol tables within some compilers (C++, Java …) and many other systems. In this paper, we present an improvement of the delete algorithm of this kind of binary search tree. The proposed algorithm is very promising since it colors differently the tree while reducing color changes by a factor of about 29%. Moreover, the maintenance operations re-establishing Red-Black tree balance properties are reduced by a factor of about 11%. As a consequence, the proposed algorithm saves about 4% on running time when insert and delete operations are used together while conserving search performance of the standard algorithm.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document