Who Am I?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Natã M. Barbosa ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Blase Ur ◽  
Yang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pervasive Computing ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Web Browsing ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Profiling Techniques ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
Incremental Construction ◽  
And Control

To enable targeted ads, companies profile Internet users, automatically inferring potential interests and demographics. While current profiling centers on users' web browsing data, smartphones and other devices with rich sensing capabilities portend profiling techniques that draw on methods from ubiquitous computing. Unfortunately, even existing profiling and ad-targeting practices remain opaque to users, engendering distrust, resignation, and privacy concerns. We hypothesized that making profiling visible at the time and place it occurs might help users better understand and engage with automatically constructed profiles. To this end, we built a technology probe that surfaces the incremental construction of user profiles from both web browsing and activities in the physical world. The probe explores transparency and control of profile construction in real time. We conducted a two-week field deployment of this probe with 25 participants. We found that increasing the visibility of profiling helped participants anticipate how certain actions can trigger specific ads. Participants' desired engagement with their profile differed in part based on their overall attitudes toward ads. Furthermore, participants expected algorithms would automatically determine when an inference was inaccurate, no longer relevant, or off-limits. Current techniques typically do not do this. Overall, our findings suggest that leveraging opportunistic moments within pervasive computing to engage users with their own inferred profiles can create more trustworthy and positive experiences with targeted ads.

Assessment and Prediction of Privacy Concerns on Health Apps (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reham AlTamime ◽  
Vincent Marmion ◽  
Wendy Hall
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Mobile Health Apps ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND Mobile apps and IoT-enabled smartphones technologies facilitate collecting, sharing, and inferring from a vast amount of data about individuals’ location, health conditions, mobility status, and other factors. The use of such technology highlights the importance of understanding individuals’ privacy concerns to design applications that integrate their privacy expectations and requirements. OBJECTIVE This paper explores, assesses, and predicts individuals’ privacy concerns in relation to collecting and disclosing data on mobile health apps. METHODS We designed a questionnaire to identify participants’ privacy concerns pertaining to a set of 432 mobile apps’ data collection and sharing scenarios. Participants were presented with 27 scenarios that varied across three categorical factors: (1) type of data collected (e.g. health, demographic, behavioral, and location); (2) data sharing (e.g., whether it is shared, and for what purpose); and, (3) retention rate (e.g., forever, until the purpose is satisfied, unspecified, week, or year). RESULTS Our findings show that type of data, data sharing, and retention rate are all factors that affect individuals’ privacy concerns. However, specific factors such as collecting and disclosing health data to a third-party tracker play a larger role than other factors in triggering privacy concerns. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that it is possible to predict privacy concerns based on these three factors. We propose design approaches that can improve users’ awareness and control of their data on mobile applications

scholarly journals Privacy Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Vikram Mehta ◽  
Daniel Gooch ◽  
Arosha Bandara ◽  
Blaine Price ◽  
Bashar Nuseibeh
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Privacy Management ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Tangible Computing ◽  
Need Support ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sample Set

The emergence of ubiquitous computing (UbiComp) environments has increased the risk of undesired access to individuals’ physical space or their information, anytime and anywhere, raising potentially serious privacy concerns. Individuals lack awareness and control of the vulnerabilities in everyday contexts and need support and care in regulating disclosures to their physical and digital selves. Existing GUI-based solutions, however, often feel physically interruptive, socially disruptive, time-consuming and cumbersome. To address such challenges, we investigate the user interaction experience and discuss the need for more tangible and embodied interactions for effective and seamless natural privacy management in everyday UbiComp settings. We propose the Privacy Care interaction framework, which is rooted in the literature of privacy management and tangible computing. Keeping users at the center, Awareness and Control are established as the core parts of our framework. This is supported with three interrelated interaction tenets: Direct, Ready-to-Hand, and Contextual . Direct refers to intuitiveness through metaphor usage. Ready-to-Hand supports granularity, non-intrusiveness, and ad hoc management, through periphery-to-center style attention transitions. Contextual supports customization through modularity and configurability. Together, they aim to provide experience of an embodied privacy care with varied interactions that are calming and yet actively empowering. The framework provides designers of such care with a basis to refer to, to generate effective tangible tools for privacy management in everyday settings. Through five semi-structured focus groups, we explore the privacy challenges faced by a sample set of 15 older adults (aged 60+) across their cyber-physical-social spaces. The results show conformity to our framework, demonstrating the relevance of the facets of the framework to the design of privacy management tools in everyday UbiComp contexts.

Recorded Business Meetings and AI Algorithmic Tools: Negotiating Privacy Concerns, Psychological Safety, and Control

2021 ◽  
pp. 232948842110370
Author(s):  
Peter W. Cardon ◽  
Haibing Ma ◽  
Carolin Fleischmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Psychological Safety ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Business Meetings ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
Algorithmic Analysis ◽  
And Control

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithmic tools that analyze and evaluate recorded meeting data may provide many new opportunities for employees, teams, and organizations. Yet, these new and emerging AI tools raise a variety of issues related to privacy, psychological safety, and control. Based on in-depth interviews with 50 American, Chinese, and German employees, this research identified five key tensions related to algorithmic analysis of recorded meetings: employee control of data versus management control of data, privacy versus transparency, reduced psychological safety versus enhanced psychological safety, learning versus evaluation, and trust in AI versus trust in people. More broadly, these tensions reflect two dimensions to inform organizational policymaking and guidelines: safety versus risk and employee control versus management control. Based on a quadrant configuration of these dimensions, we propose the following approaches to managing algorithmic applications to recording meeting data: the surveillance, benevolent control, meritocratic, and social contract approaches. We suggest the social contract approach facilitates the most robust dialog about the application of algorithmic tools to recorded meeting data, potentially leading to higher employee control and sense of safety.

Enabling Programmable Ubiquitous Computing Environments

2009 ◽  
pp. 2708-2734
Author(s):  
Christine Julien ◽  
Sanem Kabadayi
Keyword(s):  
Pervasive Computing ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Application Development ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Programming Abstractions ◽  
Rapid Deployment ◽  
Programming Interface

Emerging pervasive computing scenarios involve client applications that dynamically collect information directly from the local environment. The sophisticated distribution and dynamics involved in these applications place an increased burden on developers that create applications for these environments. The heightened desire for rapid deployment of a wide variety of pervasive computing applications demands a new approach to application development in which domain experts with minimal programming expertise are empowered to rapidly construct and deploy domain-specific applications. This chapter introduces the DAIS (Declarative Applications in Immersive Sensor networks) middleware that abstracts a heterogeneous and dynamic pervasive computing environment into intuitive and accessible programming constructs. At the programming interface level, this requires exposing some aspects of the physical world to the developer, and DAIS accomplishes this through a suite of novel programming abstractions that enable on-demand access to dynamic local data sources. A fundamental component of the model is a hierarchical view of pervasive computing middleware that allows devices with differing capabilities to support differing amounts of functionality. This chapter reports on our design of the DAIS middleware and highlights the abstractions, the programming interface, and the reification of the middleware on a heterogeneous combination of client devices and resource-constrained sensors.

Real-Name Registration Regulation in China

2016 ◽  
pp. 61-87
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. C. Yang ◽  
Yowei Kang
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Registration System ◽  
The Real ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Access Information ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

On February 4, 2015, China announced its new regulations that require all Chinese Internet users to register with their real names. The heightened control of Internet clearly demonstrates Chinese government's concerns over increasing social unrests and the abilities of Chinese Internet users to access information not censored by the government. However, the real-name registration regime has posed the greatest challenge to the anonymity of the Internet that many Chinese users have valued in an authoritarian society. Furthermore, the real-name registration system also impinges on Chinese Internet users' privacy, political freedom, and freedom of speech. This book chapter analyzes microblog discussions to examine existing Chinese censorship and control systems on the Internet, to investigate government's rhetoric to justify its censorship and control systems, and to identify major themes in Chinese netizens' reactions and discourses.

Internet Privacy Concerns versus Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Sousa ◽  
Laurie E. MacDonald ◽  
Kenneth T. Fougere
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
University Students ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Internet Privacy ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Versus Behavior

This study examines the possible disconnect between student concerns about privacy when using the Internet and their behavior. The literature indicates that Internet users are concerned about privacy but their web-browsing habits consistently put their privacy at risk. Browsing habits were examined using five factors: (1) privacy concerns, (2) self-efficacy, (3) risk assessment, (4) threat assessment, and (5) privacy involvement. These factors were analyzed for their relationship to privacy behavior. A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to a sample drawn from university students.

scholarly journals A Survey on Using Kolmogorov Complexity in Cybersecurity

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
João S. Resende ◽  
Rolando Martins ◽  
Luís Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Kolmogorov Complexity ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Algorithmic Information Theory ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Web Interfaces ◽  
Algorithmic Information ◽  
Software Implementations ◽  
New Research ◽  
And Control

Security and privacy concerns are challenging the way users interact with devices. The number of devices connected to a home or enterprise network increases every day. Nowadays, the security of information systems is relevant as user information is constantly being shared and moving in the cloud; however, there are still many problems such as, unsecured web interfaces, weak authentication, insecure networks, lack of encryption, among others, that make services insecure. The software implementations that are currently deployed in companies should have updates and control, as cybersecurity threats increasingly appearing over time. There is already some research towards solutions and methods to predict new attacks or classify variants of previous known attacks, such as (algorithmic) information theory. This survey combines all relevant applications of this topic (also known as Kolmogorov Complexity) in the security and privacy domains. The use of Kolmogorov-based approaches is resource-focused without the need for specific knowledge of the topic under analysis. We have defined a taxonomy with already existing work to classify their different application areas and open up new research questions.

scholarly journals A Strengthening Asean Cyber Cooperation in Countering Cyber Terrorist Groups Activities on the Internet by Implementing the Six-Ware Cyber Security Framework

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 3288-3300
Author(s):  
Rudy Agus Gemilang Gultom ◽  
Asep Adang Supriyadi ◽  
Tatan Kustana
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Framework ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Cyber Terrorism ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
And Control

Nowadays, the extremism, radicalism and terrorism groups have taken advantages the use of Internet access to support their activities, i.e, member recruitment, propaganda, fundraising, cyberattack actions against their targets, etc. This is one of the issues of cyber security as a negative impact of internet utilization especially by the extremism, radicalism and terrorism groups. They know the benefits of the internet services and social media can be used to facilitate the control of information in their organizational command and control system.  In order to tackle this cyber security issue, the internet users in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries should get more understanding as well as protection from their government against the danger of cyber extremism, cyber radicalism or cyber terrorism activities over the Internet. Therefore, this paper tries to explain the need of an ASEAN Cyber Security Framework standard in order to countering cyber terrorism activities via Internet as well as introducing the initial concept of Six-Ware Cyber Security Framework (SWCSF). 

scholarly journals Misinformation about COVID-19 among internet users in Nigeria: Tools to effective public awareness, prevention and control

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 469-482
Author(s):  
Kayode Adeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Asymptomatic Carrier ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Public Perspective ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Since the World Health Organization announced in early 2020 that the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by an infodemic of misinformation, we are left with the question of public perspective-driven compliance to safety measures. This preliminary study evaluated some claims about COVID-19 including vaccine conspiracy theories among Nigerians with factors influencing it. An online structured questionnaire was designed to collect one-time data from voluntary participants. Demographically, major respondents were; bachelor: 284 (75.1%), age-group between 18 and 30 years: 312 (82.5%) and male: 207 (54.8%). Those that do not know the range of infected population in the country accounted for 260 (72.2%). In opinion, 57 (15.1%) supported that SARS-COV-2 cannot survive the warm climate of African continent, and 41 (10.8%) believed the hoax theory about COVID-19. Unapproved herbal medication was reported to be used by 251 (66.4%) of the respondents while 92 (24.3%) made use of Chloroquine. For transmission related conceptions, 52 (13.8%) indicated that an asymptomatic carrier cannot spread the virus to another healthy individual. About half of the respondents 182 (48.1%) suspected that SARS-COV-2 was an engineered virus and 173 (45.8%) supported that there are underlying negative intentions on the clinical trial of COVID-19 vaccines on Africans. There is a weak correlation between the demographic data of the respondents and the claims. The level of misconception Nigerians have about COVID-19 is a major concern. Thus, it is imperative to continuously engage in community awareness and education using proven facts about the virus, and its available prophylaxis measures in order to avoid the dangers that are associated with the prevailing misconceptions. Keywords: Misinformation, Vaccine conspiracy, COVID-19, Compliance

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