scholarly journals Safe systems programming in Rust

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
Ralf Jung ◽  
Jacques-Henri Jourdan ◽  
Robbert Krebbers ◽  
Derek Dreyer
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
And Control ◽  
Systems Programming

The promise and the challenges of the first industry-supported language to master the trade-off between safety and control.

Trade-off Between Time Delays and Control Effort

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (31) ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
Pedro Albertos ◽  
Manuel Olivares ◽  
Mario E. Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Time Delays ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Reading input flooding versus listening input flooding: Can they boost speaking skill?

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Mojgan Rashtchi ◽  
Leila Mohammad Yousefi
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Speaking Skill ◽  
Listening Group ◽  
And Control

Abstract The present study compared the effects of reading input flooding and listening input flooding techniques on the accuracy and complexity of Iranian EFL learners’ speaking skill. Participants were 66 homogeneous intermediate EFL learners who were randomly divided into three groups of 22: Reading input flooding group, listening input flooding group, and control group. The reading flooded input group was exposed to the numerous examples of the target structures through reading. In the same phase, the listening group was given relatively the same task, through listening. The participants’ monologues in the posttest were separately recorded, and later transcribed and coded in terms of accuracy and complexity through Bygate’s (2001) standard coding system. The results of ANCOVA indicated the outperformance of reading input flooding group. The study also supported the trade-off effects (Skehan, 1998, 2009) between accuracy and complexity.

scholarly journals A Theory of Experimenters: Robustness, Randomization, and Balance

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 1206-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit V. Banerjee ◽  
Sylvain Chassang ◽  
Sergio Montero ◽  
Erik Snowberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Real World ◽  
Robust Performance ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Performance Guarantees ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Expected Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shed Light

This paper studies the problem of experiment design by an ambiguity-averse decision-maker who trades off subjective expected performance against robust performance guarantees. This framework accounts for real-world experimenters’ preference for randomization. It also clarifies the circumstances in which randomization is optimal: when the available sample size is large and robustness is an important concern. We apply our model to shed light on the practice of rerandomization, used to improve balance across treatment and control groups. We show that rerandomization creates a trade-off between subjective performance and robust performance guarantees. However, robust performance guarantees diminish very slowly with the number of rerandomizations. This suggests that moderate levels of rerandomization usefully expand the set of acceptable compromises between subjective performance and robustness. Targeting a fixed quantile of balance is safer than targeting an absolute balance objective. (JEL C90, D81)

scholarly journals Evaluating the trade-off between privacy, public health safety, and digital security in a pandemic

Data & Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titi Akinsanmi ◽  
Aishat Salami
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
Personal Health Information ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Accountability Measures ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
User Data ◽  
And Control

Abstract COVID-19 has impacted all aspects of everyday normalcy globally. During the height of the pandemic, people shared their (PI) with one goal—to protect themselves from contracting an “unknown and rapidly mutating” virus. The technologies (from applications based on mobile devices to online platforms) collect (with or without informed consent) large amounts of PI including location, travel, and personal health information. These were deployed to monitor, track, and control the spread of the virus. However, many of these measures encouraged the trade-off on privacy for safety. In this paper, we reexamine the nature of privacy through the lens of safety focused on the health sector, digital security, and what constitutes an infraction or otherwise of the privacy rights of individuals in a pandemic as experienced in the past 18 months. This paper makes a case for maintaining a balance between the benefit, which the contact tracing apps offer in the containment of COVID-19 with the need to ensure end-user privacy and data security. Specifically, it strengthens the case for designing with transparency and accountability measures and safeguards in place as critical to protecting the privacy and digital security of users—in the use, collection, and retention of user data. We recommend oversight measures to ensure compliance with the principles of lawful processing, knowing that these, among others, would ensure the integration of privacy by design principles even in unforeseen crises like an ongoing pandemic; entrench public trust and acceptance, and protect the digital security of people.

scholarly journals Model-Based Hardware-Software Codesign of ECT Digital Processing Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Atef Allam ◽  
Wael Deabes
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Digital Processing ◽  
System Level ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Image Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Model Based ◽  
And Control

Image reconstruction algorithm and its controller constitute the main modules of the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system; in order to achieve the trade-off between the attainable performance and the flexibility of the image reconstruction and control design of the ECT system, hardware-software codesign of a digital processing unit (DPU) targeting FPGA system-on-chip (SoC) is presented. Design and implementation of software and hardware components of the ECT-DPU and their integration and verification based on the model-based design (MBD) paradigm are proposed. The inner-product of large vectors constitutes the core of the majority of these ECT image reconstruction algorithms. Full parallel implementation of large vector multiplication on FPGA consumes a huge number of resources and incurs long combinational path delay. The proposed MBD of the ECT-DPU tackles this problem by crafting a parametric segmented parallel inner-product architecture so as to work as the shared hardware core unit for the parallel matrix multiplication in the image reconstruction and control of the ECT system. This allowed the parameterized core unit to be configured at system-level to tackle large matrices with the segment length working as a design degree of freedom. It allows the trade-off between performance and resource usage and determines the level of computation parallelism. Using MBD with the proposed segmented architecture, the system design can be flexibly tailored to the designer specifications to fulfill the required performance while meeting the resources constraint. In the linear-back projection image reconstruction algorithm, the segmentation scheme has exhibited high resource saving of 43% and 71% for a small degradation in a frame rate of 3% and 14%, respectively.

The Political Mantra

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalypso Nicolaïdis
Keyword(s):  
State System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Take Back ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Ius Gentium ◽  
British State ◽  
And Control ◽  
National Control

The chapter sets Brexit against the age-old trade-off between cooperation and control. As Nicolaïdis argues, the European order has undergone a number of important transformations -accentuated since Maastricht- which have increasingly altered the balance between these two poles, fostering greater calls to ‘take back control’—the political mantra of the Brexiteers. Accordingly, Britain’s predicament lies in the tension between different meanings of ‘control’, which can be explored through Kant’s three categories of law. At the level of the inter-state system (Kant’s ius gentium), the British state has been willing to minimalize the loss of national control when bargaining over the scope of jurisdictional authority. However, it is especially vulnerable to losses of control once commitments have been made. This is true for relations between states and foreign nationals (ius cosmopoliticum), the transformation of national boundaries, and for relations between citizens and their own state (ius civitatis).

The Politics of Learning from Rare Events

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rerup ◽  
Mark J. Zbaracki
Keyword(s):  
Rare Events ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Valid Knowledge ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
And Control

Actors engaged in learning from rare events must trade off between two different criteria for effective learning: validity—the extent to which learning can be used for understanding, prediction, and control—and reliability—the extent to which understandings of experience are public, stable, and shared. Existing models of learning from rare events have elided conflict and politics by assuming that individuals and organizations always seek new valid knowledge that then becomes public, stable, and shared across actors. Here we examine the politics of learning in a historical analysis of population-level learning by four different actors following the 1994 sinking of the ferry Estonia. We show how politics shaped the trade-off between reliability and validity and, in turn, shaped the nature of the learning. Whereas the new knowledge was sometimes both valid and reliable, the more common outcome was knowledge that was only partly valid and reliable. Rather than treat these outcomes as substandard, we show how they are important to the dynamics of learning, as different population-level actors take into account different aspects of experience. The result is a model that makes conflict and contestation—and hence politics—essential to effective learning.

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