scholarly journals Dynamic Reasoning Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Systems

Ballot spoilage as a response to limitations on choice and influence

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406882199025
Author(s):  
Patrick Cunha Silva ◽  
Brian F Crisp
Keyword(s):  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
Proportional Systems ◽  
Reasoning Systems

Electoral systems vary in terms of the choice and influence they offer voters. Beyond selecting between parties, preferential systems allow for choices within parties. More proportional systems make it likely that influence over who determines the assembly’s majority will be distributed across relatively more voters. In response to systems that limit choice and influence, we hypothesize that voters will cast more blank, null, or spoiled ballots on purpose. We use a regression discontinuity opportunity in French municipal elections to test this hypothesis. An exogenously chosen and arbitrary cutpoint is used to determine the electoral rules municipalities use to select their assemblies. We find support for our reasoning—systems that do not allow intraparty preference votes and that lead to disproportional outcomes provoke vote spoilage. Rates of vote spoilage are frequently sufficient to change control over the assembly if those votes had instead been cast validly for the second-place party.

scholarly journals Approximate reasoning with fuzzy rule interpolation: background and recent advances

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangyi Li ◽  
Changjing Shang ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Qiang Shen
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Fuzzy Rule ◽  
Approximate Reasoning ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Reasoning Systems ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Rule Bases ◽  
The Given ◽  
Computing Approach

AbstractApproximate reasoning systems facilitate fuzzy inference through activating fuzzy if–then rules in which attribute values are imprecisely described. Fuzzy rule interpolation (FRI) supports such reasoning with sparse rule bases where certain observations may not match any existing fuzzy rules, through manipulation of rules that bear similarity with an unmatched observation. This differs from classical rule-based inference that requires direct pattern matching between observations and the given rules. FRI techniques have been continuously investigated for decades, resulting in various types of approach. Traditionally, it is typically assumed that all antecedent attributes in the rules are of equal significance in deriving the consequents. Recent studies have shown significant interest in developing enhanced FRI mechanisms where the rule antecedent attributes are associated with relative weights, signifying their different importance levels in influencing the generation of the conclusion, thereby improving the interpolation performance. This survey presents a systematic review of both traditional and recently developed FRI methodologies, categorised accordingly into two major groups: FRI with non-weighted rules and FRI with weighted rules. It introduces, and analyses, a range of commonly used representatives chosen from each of the two categories, offering a comprehensive tutorial for this important soft computing approach to rule-based inference. A comparative analysis of different FRI techniques is provided both within each category and between the two, highlighting the main strengths and limitations while applying such FRI mechanisms to different problems. Furthermore, commonly adopted criteria for FRI algorithm evaluation are outlined, and recent developments on weighted FRI methods are presented in a unified pseudo-code form, easing their understanding and facilitating their comparisons.

scholarly journals How do the object-file and physical-reasoning systems interact? Evidence from priming effects with object arrays or novel labels

2021 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 101368
Author(s):  
Yi Lin ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Yael Gertner ◽  
Weiting Ng ◽  
Cynthia L. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object File ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Physical Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Systems

Changes in the Prognosis of Functional Psychoses Since the Days of Kraepelin

1967 ◽  
Vol 113 (501) ◽  
pp. 813-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Örnulv Ödegård
Keyword(s):  
Special Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Point ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Dynamic Reasoning ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Functional Psychoses ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
The Universe

My choice of Kraepelin as a point of departure for this lecture has definite reasons. If one wants to stay within the field of clinical psychiatry (as opposed to psychiatric history), that is as far back as one can reasonably go. By this no slight is intended upon the pre-Kraepelinian psychiatrists. For our topic Henry Maudsley would indeed have been a most appropriate starting point, and by no means for reasons of courtesy. His general point of view is admirably sound as a basis for the scientific study of prognosis in psychiatry. I quote: “There is no accident in madness. Causality, not casualty, governs its appearance in the universe, and it is very far from being a good and sufficient practice simply to mark its phenomena and straightway to pass on as if they belonged not to an order but to a disorder of events that called for no explanation.” On the special problem of prognosis he shows his clinical acumen by stating that the outlook is poor when the course of illness is insidious, but this only means that these cases develop their psychoses on the basis of mental deviations which go very far back in the patient's life, so that in fact they are generally in a chronic stage at the time of their first admission to hospital. Here he actually corrects a mistake which is still quite often made. He shows his dynamic attitude when he says that prognosis is to a large extent modified by external conditions, in particular by the attitude of friends and relatives. Maudsley's dynamic reasoning was limited by the narrow framework of the degeneration hypothesis of those days. He had a sceptical attitude towards classification, which he regarded as artificial and dangerously pseudo-exact. His own classification was deliberately provisional, with very wide groups. He held that a description of various sub-forms of chronic insanity was useless, as it would mean nothing but a tiresome enumeration of unconnected details.

Modelling spatial reasoning systems with shape algebras and formal logic

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Large Set ◽  
First Order ◽  
Reasoning Systems ◽  
Geometric Objects ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe combination of the paradigms of shape algebras and predicate logic representations, used in a new method for describing designs, is presented. First-order predicate logic provides a natural, intuitive way of representing shapes and spatial relations in the development of complete computer systems for reasoning about designs. Shape algebraic formalisms have advantages over more traditional representations of geometric objects. Here we illustrate the definition of a large set of high-level design relations from a small set of simple structures and spatial relations, with examples from the domains of geographic information systems and architecture.

scholarly journals Preface to the Special Issue on Automated Reasoning Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-362
Author(s):  
Armin Biere ◽  
Cesare Tinelli ◽  
Christoph Weidenbach
Keyword(s):  
Automated Reasoning ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Reasoning Systems
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