Technical debt from the stakeholder perspective

ASHA's focus on evidence-based practice (EBP) includes the family/stakeholder perspective as an important tenet in clinical decision making. The common factors model for treatment effectiveness postulates that clinician-client alliance positively impacts therapeutic outcomes and may be the most important factor for success. One strategy to improve alliance between a client and clinician is the use of outcome questionnaires. In the current study, eight parents of toddlers who attended therapy sessions at a university clinic responded to a session outcome questionnaire that included both rating scale and descriptive questions. Six graduate students completed a survey that included a question about the utility of the questionnaire. Results indicated that the descriptive questions added value and information compared to using only the rating scale. The students were varied in their responses regarding the effectiveness of the questionnaire to increase their comfort with parents. Information gathered from the questionnaire allowed for specific feedback to graduate students to change behaviors and created opportunities for general discussions regarding effective therapy techniques. In addition, the responses generated conversations between the client and clinician focused on clients' concerns. Involving the stakeholder in identifying both effective and ineffective aspects of therapy has advantages for clinical practice and education.

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The Influence of Cognitive Biases on Architectural Technical Debt

2021 IEEE 18th International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA) ◽

10.1109/icsa51549.2021.00019 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Klara Borowa ◽

Andrzej Zalewski ◽

Szymon Kijas

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Biases ◽

Technical Debt

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Technical Debt

ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes ◽

10.1145/2735399.2735419 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 32-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Carolyn Seaman ◽

Robert L. Nord ◽

Philippe Kruchten ◽

Ipek Ozkaya

Keyword(s):

Technical Debt

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Correction to: Wait for it: identifying “On-Hold” self-admitted technical debt

Empirical Software Engineering ◽

10.1007/s10664-021-09939-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Rungroj Maipradit ◽

Christoph Treude ◽

Hideaki Hata ◽

Kenichi Matsumoto

Keyword(s):

Technical Debt ◽

Link Type

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s10664-021-09939-7

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Value assessment of antimicrobials and the implications for development, access, and funding of effective treatments: Australian stakeholder perspective

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s0266462320000823 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Nadine T. Hillock ◽

Tracy L. Merlin ◽

Jonathan Karnon ◽

John Turnidge ◽

Jaklin Eliott

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Healthcare Resource ◽

Economic Evaluations ◽

Value Assessment ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Stakeholder Perspective ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Impact ◽

Potential Use

Abstract Background The frameworks used by Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies for value assessment of medicines aim to optimize healthcare resource allocation. However, they may not be effective at capturing the value of antimicrobial drugs. Objectives To analyze stakeholder perceptions regarding how antimicrobials are assessed for value for reimbursement purposes and how the Australian HTA framework accommodates the unique attributes of antimicrobials in cost-effectiveness evaluation. Methods Eighteen individuals representing the pharmaceutical industry or policy-makers were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed. Results Key emergent themes were that reimbursement decision-making should consider the antibiotic spectrum when assessing value, risk of shortages, the impact of procurement processes on low-priced comparators, and the need for methodological transparency when antimicrobials are incorporated into the economic evaluation of other treatments. Conclusions Participants agreed that the current HTA framework for antimicrobial value assessment is inadequate to properly inform funding decisions, as the contemporary definition of cost-effectiveness fails to explicitly incorporate the risk of future resistance. Policy-makers were uncertain about how to incorporate future resistance into economic evaluations without a systematic method to capture costs avoided due to good stewardship. Lacking financial reward for the benefits of narrower-spectrum antimicrobials, companies will likely focus on developing broad-spectrum agents with wider potential use. The perceived risks of shortages have influenced the funding of generic antimicrobials in Australia, with policy-makers suggesting a willingness to pay more for assured supply. Although antibiotics often underpin the effectiveness of other medicines, it is unclear how this is incorporated into economic models.

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Using Landscape Change Analysis and Stakeholder Perspective to Identify Driving Forces of Human–Wildlife Interactions

Land ◽

10.3390/land10020146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Mihai Mustățea ◽

Ileana Pătru-Stupariu

Keyword(s):

Landscape Change ◽

Ursus Arctos ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Brown Bear ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Change Analysis ◽

Local Stakeholders ◽

Stakeholder Perspective ◽

Forested Ecosystems ◽

Forest Habitats

Human–wildlife interactions (HWI) were frequent in the post-socialist period in the mountain range of Central European countries where forest habitats suffered transitions into built-up areas. Such is the case of the Upper Prahova Valley from Romania. In our study, we hypothesized that the increasing number of HWI after 1990 could be a potential consequence of woodland loss. The goal of our study was to analyse the effects of landscape changes on HWI. The study consists of the next steps: (i) applying 450 questionnaires to local stakeholders (both citizens and tourists) in order to collect data regarding HWI temporal occurrences and potential triggering factors; (ii) investigating the relation between the two variables through the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA); (iii) modelling the landscape spatial changes between 1990 and 2018 for identifying areas with forest loss; (iv) overlapping the distribution of both the households affected by HWI and areas with loss of forested ecosystems. The local stakeholders indicate that the problematic species are the brown bear (Ursus arctos), the wild boar (Sus scrofa), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus). The number of animal–human interactions recorded an upward trend between 1990 and 2018, and the most significant driving factors were the regulation of hunting practices, the loss of habitats, and artificial feeding. The landscape change analysis reveals that between 1990 and 2018, the forest habitats were replaced by built-up areas primarily on the outskirts of settlements, these areas coinciding with frequent HWI. The results are valid for both forest ecosystems conservation in the region, wildlife management, and human infrastructures durable spatial planning.

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