About this title - Subsurface Sand Remobilization and Injection

10.1144/sp493 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 493 (1) ◽  
pp. NP-NP
Author(s):  
S. Silcock ◽  
M. Huuse ◽  
M. Bowman ◽  
A. Hurst ◽  
S. Cobain
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Petroleum Systems ◽  
Textural Characterization ◽  
Metamorphic Basement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Rocks ◽  
Nw Europe

Sand injectites form during shallow-crustal deformation. Short periods of elevated pore-fluid pressure, which developed regionally, triggered formation of hydrofracture networks into which sand was sometimes injected. Sand injection complexes preserve a record of this process and sandstone intrusions are significant reservoirs in many petroleum systems. Most known subsurface sand injection complexes are from offshore NW Europe and associated with Paleogene strata. Outcrop occurrence is global. Sand injection into unconventional host rocks, including granitoid and metamorphic basement and coal seams, raises awareness of the breadth of geological environments in which sand injection may occur. Discordance between sandstone intrusions and sedimentary hosts occurs on a scale from millimetres to kilometres and is a fundamental diagnostic of intrusions. Microscale textural characterization provides new opportunities to establish possible additional criteria for differentiating intrusions from depositional sandstone. The significance of sand injection complexes in shallow crustal evolution is exemplified by the wide range of lithological hosts and diverse tectonostratigraphic settings documented in this volume. Potential for original research still remains.

Mechanisms for Pore Fluid Stabilization of Fault Propagation and Slip

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-lu Zhu ◽  
Tiange Xing ◽  
Takamasa Kanaya ◽  
Zachary Zega ◽  
Melodie French
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
Initial Porosity ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Strain Accumulation ◽  
Fault Propagation ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fault Growth

<p>Sudden motions of fault (i.e., fault propagation and slip) cause earthquakes. Understanding the mechanics of earthquakes requires quantitative knowledge of fault propagation and slip instability, which has long been a focus of experimental rock mechanics. In a classic framework based on the elastic rebound theory, the earthquake cycle includes the interseismic period of strain accumulation and the coseismic period of sudden strain release along a tectonic fault.</p><p>Geophysical observations reveal diverse behaviorsof fault motions resulted from strain accumulation and release, from aseismic creep to slow slip events (SSEs) to regular earthquakes. Discovery of SSEs during the interseismic period provides a new means to assess the mechanical states of a seismogenic fault between earthquakes. Most seismic studies link SSEs to high pore fluid pressure. Yet, the mechanical link between slow fault slip and high pore fluid pressure is not well understood. We conduct experimental investigation to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for pore fluid stabilization of fault propagation and slip.</p><p>Our experimental results show that slip events along gouge bearing faults can transform from fast to slow with increasing pore fluid pressures while keeping the effective pressure (i.e., confining pressure minus pore fluid pressure) constant. In these experiments, a layer of fine-grained quartz gouge was placed between the saw-cut surfaces in porous sandstone samples. The saw-cut samples were subject to conventional triaxial loading under a constant effective pressure using various combinations of confining and pore fluid pressures. Different slip events, from dynamic, audible stick-slip to slow, silent  slip, with a range of slip rates and stress drops were produced along the gauge-filled saw-cut surface. These results suggest that on the same fault, varying pore fluid pressure alone could result in a range of fault slip behaviors from dynamic to creep.</p><p>Experimental data further demonstrate that under the same effective pressure, high pore fluid pressure conditions stabilize fault propagation in a wide range of intact rocks including granite, serpentine, and sandstones. In  compact rocks (initial porosity <5%) the stabilization effect can be explained by dilatant hardening. When dilatancy occurs faster than fluid diffusion along a propagating fracture, the resultant increase in effective normal stress impedes further fracture growth. In porous sandstones (initial porosity >10%), however, dilatancy hardening alone could not adequately explain the stable  post-peak fault growth observed at slow loading rates where drained conditions are achieved. Based on the quantitative microstructural analysis of the deformed samples, we propose that the stable fault growth in highly permeable sandstones manifests stable cracking due to stress corrosion. These results elucidate the important controls of pore fluid on rock strength and fault slip beyond the effective stress law. The results provide a mechanic link between the spatially correlated SSEs and high pore fluid pressure conditions.</p>

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Fabrication of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane-Based Composite Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3497
Author(s):  
Piotr Stachak ◽  
Izabela Łukaszewska ◽  
Edyta Hebda ◽  
Krzysztof Pielichowski
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
New Class ◽  
Hazardous Chemical ◽  
Wide Range

Polyurethanes (PUs) are a significant group of polymeric materials that, due to their outstanding mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, are used in a wide range of applications. Conventionally, PUs are obtained in polyaddition reactions between diisocyanates and polyols. Due to the toxicity of isocyanate raw materials and their synthesis method utilizing phosgene, new cleaner synthetic routes for polyurethanes without using isocyanates have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Among different attempts to replace the conventional process, polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines seems to be the most promising way to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) or, more precisely, polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs), while primary and secondary –OH groups are being formed alongside urethane linkages. Such an approach eliminates hazardous chemical compounds from the synthesis and leads to the fabrication of polymeric materials with unique and tunable properties. The main advantages include better chemical, mechanical, and thermal resistance, and the process itself is invulnerable to moisture, which is an essential technological feature. NIPUs can be modified via copolymerization or used as matrices to fabricate polymer composites with different additives, similar to their conventional counterparts. Hence, non-isocyanate polyurethanes are a new class of environmentally friendly polymeric materials. Many papers on the matter above have been published, including both original research and extensive reviews. However, they do not provide collected information on NIPU composites fabrication and processing. Hence, this review describes the latest progress in non-isocyanate polyurethane synthesis, modification, and finally processing. While focusing primarily on the carbonate/amine route, methods of obtaining NIPU are described, and their properties are presented. Ways of incorporating various compounds into NIPU matrices are characterized by the role of PHU materials in copolymeric materials or as an additive. Finally, diverse processing methods of non-isocyanate polyurethanes are presented, including electrospinning or 3D printing.

scholarly journals Emplacement and biodegradation of oil in fractured basement: the ‘coal’ deposit in Moinian gneiss at Castle Leod, Ross-shire

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Parnell ◽  
Mas'ud Baba ◽  
Stephen Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Lower Devonian ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Coal Deposit ◽  
Basin Inversion ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Metamorphic Basement ◽  
Major Fault ◽  
High Fluid ◽  
Transfer Faults

ABSTRACTBitumen veins were formerly mined as ‘coal’ from Moinian metamorphic basement at Castle Leod, Strathpeffer, Ross-shire. The abundance and spatial concentration of hydrocarbons implies generation of a large volume of oil that exerted a fluid pressure great enough to open veins to 1+ m width. Biomarker characteristics, including β-carotane and a high proportion of C28 steranes, correlate the bitumen to Lower Devonian non-marine shales separated from the Moinian basement by a major fault. Bitumen in the Moinian basement has higher diasterane/sterane ratios than bitumen in the Devonian sequence, indicating greater levels of biodegradation, which may reflect more interaction with water in the basement. Replacive bitumen nodules in the Moinian basement, containing thoriferous/uraniferous mineral phases, are comparable with bitumen nodules in basement terrains elsewhere. Formation of the nodules represents hydrocarbon penetration of low-permeability basement, consistent with high fluid pressure. Bitumen veins are particularly orientated E–W, and may be associated with E–W transfer faults attributed to Permo-Carboniferous basin inversion.

scholarly journals Correction to: Stress and pore fluid pressure control of seismicity rate changes following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kodai Nakagomi ◽  
Toshiko Terakawa ◽  
Satoshi Matsumoto ◽  
Shinichiro Horikawa
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
2016 Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Seismicity Rate ◽  
Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
Seismicity Rate Changes

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Compositional variation in the chevkinite group: new data from igneous and metamorphic rocks

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 777-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Macdonald ◽  
H. E. Belkin ◽  
F. Wall ◽  
B. Baginski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Host Rock ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Rocks ◽  
Cation Sites ◽  
Dominant Cation

AbstractElectron microprobe analyses are presented of chevkinite-group minerals from Canada, USA, Guatemala, Norway, Scotland, Italy and India. The host rocks are metacarbonates, alkaline and subalkaline granitoids, quartz-bearing pegmatites, carbonatite and an inferred K-rich tuff. The analyses extend slightly the range of compositions in the chevkinite group, e.g. the most MgO-rich phases yet recorded, and we report two further examples where La is the dominant cation in the A site. Patchily- zoned crystals from Virginia and Guatemala contain both perrierite and chevkinite compositions. The new and published analyses are used to review compositional variation in minerals of the perrierite subgroup, which can form in a wide range of host rock compositions and over a substantial pressure- temperature range. The dominant substitutions in the various cation sites and a generalized substitution scheme are described.

scholarly journals European Approaches to Japanese Language and Linguistics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Pappalardo ◽  
Patrick Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Original Research ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Language Study ◽  
Japanese Studies ◽  
And Linguistics

In this volume European specialists of Japanese language present new and original research into Japanese over a wide spectrum of topics which include descriptive, sociolinguistic, pragmatic and didactic accounts. The articles share a focus on contemporary issues and adopt new approaches to the study of Japanese that often are specific to European traditions of language study. The articles address an audience that includes both Japanese Studies and Linguistics. They are representative of the wide range of topics that are currently studied in European universities, and they address scholars and students alike.

The Fluid-Solid Coupling Seepage Mathematical Model of Shale Gas

2013 ◽  
Vol 275-277 ◽  
pp. 598-602
Author(s):  
Wei Jun Shen ◽  
Xi Zhe Li ◽  
Jia Liang Lu ◽  
Xiao Hua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Continuity Equation ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Seepage Flow ◽  
Stress Equation ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Seepage Field ◽  
Fluid Coupling ◽  
Realistic Significance

In this paper, the stress equation is available by introducing the principle of effective stress in porous media into fluid-solid coupling seepage and considering the conditions of equilibrium. According to the continuity equation of fluid mechanics, considering the interactions between shale gas and rock-soil body, the differential equation of seepage flow is obtained. Through introducing the velocity component of rock particles into the seepage field, the pore fluid pressure in seepage field is introduced into the deformation field, so as to realize the interaction between the fluid-solid coupling seepage. Based on auxiliary boundary conditions in the above equations, the paper establishes the integrated fluid-coupling seepage mathematical model of shale gas, and it will provide the corresponding theoretical and realistic significance in the development of shale gas.

About this title - Application of Analytical Techniques to Petroleum Systems

10.1144/sp484 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 484 (1) ◽  
pp. NP-NP
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Dowey ◽  
Mark Osborne ◽  
Herbert Volk
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Organic Geochemistry ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Sediment Provenance ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Petroleum Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Cutting-edge techniques have always been utilized in petroleum exploration and production to reduce costs and improve efficiencies. The demand for petroleum in the form of oil and gas is expected to increase for electricity production, transport and chemical production, largely driven by an increase in energy consumption in the developing world. Innovations in analytical methods will continue to play a key role in the industry moving forwards as society shifts towards lower carbon energy systems and more advantaged oil and gas resources are targeted. This volume brings together new analytical approaches and describes how they can be applied to the study of petroleum systems. The papers within this volume cover a wide range of topics and case studies, in the fields of fluid and isotope geochemistry, organic geochemistry, imaging and sediment provenance. The work illustrates how the current, state-of-the-art technology can be effectively utilised to address ongoing challenges in petroleum geoscience.

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