Tectonic inheritance at multiple scales during more than two complete Wilson cycles recorded in eastern North America

2018 ◽  
Vol 470 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Thomas

AbstractEastern North America holds clear records of two Wilson cycles and hints of two earlier cycles, through which tectonic inheritance is evident at multiple scales. Large-scale transform offsets of rifted margins indicate inheritance through multiple cycles; transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems suggest a transform-parallel fabric in the lithosphere. Rift segments of the continental margins did not inherit the locations of earlier rifts; synrift intracratonic fault systems follow earlier contractional fabrics of supercontinent assembly. Large-scale curves of the Appalachian–Ouachita orogenic belt (closing of the Iapetus Ocean) mimic the shape of the Iapetan rifted margin of Laurentia. Basins along the Iapetan rifted margin reflect inheritance from transform faults in the greater magnitudes of early post-rift thermal subsidence and later synorogenic tectonic loading and flexural subsidence. Older synrift basement faults buttressed the frontal ramps of Appalachian–Ouachita thin-skinned thrust faults. Basement fault blocks and associated synrift stratigraphic variations in the weak layers that host the regional décollement localized transverse alignments of lateral ramps, as well as tectonic thickening of a mud-dominated graben-fill succession in a ductile duplex (mushwad). The many examples of tectonic inheritance attest to the linkages between processes of successive opening and closing of oceans, as well as the break-up and assembly of supercontinents, through successive Wilson cycles.

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Thomas

Transform faults along the Iapetan rifted continental margin of Laurentia offset the continental rift and/or bound domains of oppositely dipping low-angle detachments. Rift-parallel and transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems extend into continental crust inboard from the rifted margin. Ages of synrift igneous rocks, ranging from 765 to 530 Ma, document non-systematic diachroneity of rifting along the Iapetan margin. Synrift sedimentary accumulations show abrupt variations in thickness across transform faults, and some concentrations of synrift igneous rocks are distributed along transform faults and transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems. The greatest thicknesses of Cambrian–Ordovician passive-margin shelf-carbonate deposits are along transform margins and in continental-margin basins along transform faults, as well as along transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems, indicating anomalously great post-rift thermal subsidence along transform faults. Along the Ordovician–Permian Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic belt, a diachronous array of synorogenic clastic wedges fills foreland basins, recording tectonic-load-driven flexural subsidence of the lithosphere. The greatest thicknesses of synorogenic clastic wedges of all ages are consistently in foreland basins along transform margins and inboard from intersections of transform faults with the rifted margin, indicating systematically weaker lithosphere along transform faults. The distinctive and pervasive properties and behaviour of the lithosphere along transform faults in successive tectonic settings suggest fundamental controls on tectonic inheritance at transform faults. Recent models for continental rifting incorporate ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere beneath brittle extension of the crust; the domain of ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere may reach significantly inboard from the rifted margin of the brittle crust, accounting for rift-parallel extensional faults in the crust inboard from the rifted margin. A transform offset of a rift in brittle crust requires a similar offset in ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere, leading to differential ductile flow on opposite sides of the transform and imparting a transform-parallel distributed-shear fabric. Transform-parallel distributed shear in the mantle lithosphere provides a mechanism for brittle transform-parallel fault systems in the continental crust. Studies of seismic anisotropy show fast directions parallel with transform faults, indicating systematic orientation of crystals through transform-parallel distributed shear in the mantle lithosphere.SOMMAIRELes failles transformantes le long de la marge continentale divergente japétienne de la Laurentie décalent le rift continental et/ou les domaines accrétés en des décollements à pendages opposés faibles.  Des systèmes de failles intracratoniques parallèles au rift, et parallèles à la transformation, pénètrent vers l’intérieur de la croûte continentale à partir de la marge de rift.  Les âges des roches ignées syn-rift, entre 765 Ma et 530 Ma, témoignent d’une activité de rifting diachronique non-systématique le long de la marge japétienne.  Des empilements sédimentaires syn-rifts montrent des variations abruptes d’épaisseur d’une faille transformante à l’autre, et des concentrations de roches ignées syn-rifts se répartissent le long des systèmes de failles transformantes et de failles intracratoniques parallèles.  Les accumulations les plus épaisses de carbonates de plateforme de marge continentale passive se trouvent le long des marges de cisaillement et dans les bassins de marge continentale le long de failles transformantes, de même qu’au long des systèmes de failles intracratoniques parallèles, évoquant une subsidence anormalement forte le long des failles transformantes.  Le long de la bande orogénique ordovicienne-permienne Appalaches-Ouachita, une gamme diachronique de prismes clastiques synorogéniques remplit les bassins d’avant-pays, attestant d’une subsidence par flexure lithosphérique d’origine tectonique.  Les plus grandes épaisseurs de prismes clastiques synorogéniques à tous les âges sont toujours situées dans les bassins d’avant-pays le long des marges transformantes, et vers l’intérieur, à partir des intersections des failles transformantes avec la marge de rift, indiquant une lithosphère systématiquement plus fragile le long des failles transformantes.  Les propriétés particulières et le comportement généralisés de la lithosphère le long des failles transformantes dans les contextes tectoniques successifs sont la marque de contrôles fondamentaux sur l'héritage tectonique des failles transformantes.  Les modèles récents de rifting continental comportent une extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique sous l’extension cassante de la croûte; le domaine d'extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique peut s’étendre significativement vers l’intérieur de la marge de divergence de la croûte cassante, d’où les failles d'extension parallèle au rift, à l’intérieur de la croûte de la marge de divergence.  Un décalage de transformation de rift de la croûte comporte un décalage du même genre de l’extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique, ce qui implique un différentiel de flux ductile sur les bords opposés de la transformation, d’où cette fabrique d’extension parallèle à la transformation.  L’extension parallèle à la transformation de la lithosphère mantellique fournit un mécanisme qui explique les systèmes de failles transformantes parallèles dans la croûte continentale.  Les études de l’anisotropie sismique montre les grandes vitesses de propagation parallèles aux failles de transformations, ce qui indique une orientation systématique des cristaux induite par une extension répartie selon les cassures transformantes dans la lithosphère mantellique.


Author(s):  
Kandace D. Hollenbach ◽  
Stephen B. Carmody

The possibility that native peoples in eastern North America had cultivated plants prior to the introduction of maize was first raised in 1924. Scant evidence was available to support this speculation, however, until the “flotation revolution” of the 1960s and 1970s. As archaeologists involved in large-scale projects began implementing flotation, paleoethnobotanists soon had hundreds of samples and thousands of seeds that demonstrated that indigenous peoples grew a suite of crops, including cucurbit squashes and gourds, sunflower, sumpweed, and chenopod, which displayed signs of domestication. The application of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating to cucurbit rinds and seeds in the 1980s placed the domestication of these four crops in the Late Archaic period 5000–3800 bp. The presence of wild cucurbits during earlier Archaic periods lent weight to the argument that native peoples in eastern North America domesticated these plants independently of early cultivators in Mesoamerica. Analyses of DNA from chenopods and cucurbits in the 2010s definitively demonstrated that these crops developed from local lineages. With evidence in hand that refuted notions of the diffusion of plant domestication from Mesoamerica, models developed in the 1980s for the transition from foraging to farming in the Eastern Woodlands emphasized the coevolutionary relationship between people and these crop plants. As Archaic-period groups began to occupy river valleys more intensively, in part due to changing climatic patterns during the mid-Holocene that created more stable river systems, their activities created disturbed areas in which these weedy plants thrive. With these useful plants available as more productive stands in closer proximity to base camps, people increasingly used the plants, which in turn responded to people’s selection. Critics noted that these models left little room for intentionality or innovation on the part of early farmers. Models derived from human behavioral ecology explore the circumstances in which foragers choose to start using these small-seeded plants in greater quantities. In contrast to the resource-rich valley settings of the coevolutionary models, human behavioral ecology models posit that foragers would only use these plants, which provide relatively few calories per time spent obtaining them, when existing resources could no longer support growing populations. In these scenarios, Late Archaic peoples cultivated these crops as insurance against shortages in nut supplies. Despite their apparent differences, current iterations of both models recognize humans as agents who actively change their environments, with intentional and unintentional results. Both also are concerned with understanding the social and ecological contexts within which people began cultivating and eventually domesticating plants. The “when” and “where” questions of domestication in eastern North America are relatively well established, although researchers continue to fill significant gaps in geographic data. These primarily include regions where large-scale contract archaeology projects have not been conducted. Researchers are also actively debating the “how” and “why” of domestication, but the cultural ramifications of the transition from foraging to farming have yet to be meaningfully incorporated into the archaeological understanding of the region. The significance of these native crops to the economies of Late Archaic and subsequent Early and Middle Woodland peoples is poorly understood and often woefully underestimated by researchers. The socioeconomic roles of these native crops to past peoples, as well as the possibilities for farmers and cooks to incorporate them into their practices in the early 21st century, are exciting areas for new research.


2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 692-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Rouxel ◽  
Pere Mestre ◽  
Anton Baudoin ◽  
Odile Carisse ◽  
Laurent Delière ◽  
...  

The putative center of origin of Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grape downy mildew, is eastern North America, where it has been described on several members of the family Vitaceae (e.g., Vitis spp., Parthenocissus spp., and Ampelopsis spp.). We have completed the first large-scale sampling of P. viticola isolates across a range of wild and cultivated host species distributed throughout the above region. Sequencing results of four partial genes indicated the presence of a new P. viticola species on Vitis vulpina in Virginia, adding to the four cryptic species of P. viticola recently recorded. The phylogenetic analysis also indicated that the P. viticola species found on Parthenocissus quinquefolia in North America is identical to Plasmopara muralis in Europe. The geographic distribution and host range of five pathogen species was determined through analysis of the internal transcribed spacer polymorphism of 896 isolates of P. viticola. Among three P. viticola species found on cultivated grape, one was restricted to Vitis interspecific hybrids within the northern part of eastern North America. A second species was recovered from V. vinifera and V. labrusca, and was distributed across most of the sampled region. A third species, although less abundant, was distributed across a larger geographical range, including the southern part of eastern North America. P. viticola clade aestivalis predominated (83% of isolates) in vineyards of the European winegrape V. vinifera within the sampled area, indicating that a single pathogen species may represent the primary threat to the European host species within eastern North America.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Santangelo ◽  
Ken A. Thompson ◽  
Beata Cohan ◽  
Jibran Syed ◽  
Rob W. Ness ◽  
...  

AbstractCities are emerging as models for addressing the fundamental question of whether populations evolve in parallel to similar environments. Here, we examine the environmental factors that drive parallel evolutionary urban-rural clines in a Mendelian trait — the cyanogenic antiherbivore defense of white clover (Trifolium repens). We sampled over 700 urban and rural clover populations across 16 cities along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America. In each population, we quantified the frequency of genotypes that produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and in a subset of the cities we estimated the frequency of the alleles at the two genes (CYP79D15 and Li) that epistatically interact to produce HCN. We then tested the hypothesis that winter environmental conditions cause the evolution of clines in HCN by comparing the strength of clines among cities located along a gradient of winter temperatures and frost exposure. Overall, half of the cities exhibited urban-rural clines in the frequency of HCN, whereby urban populations evolved lower HCN frequencies. The weakest clines in HCN occurred in cities with the lowest temperatures but greatest snowfall, supporting the hypothesis that snow buffers plants against winter frost and constrains the formation of clines. By contrast, the strongest clines occurred in the warmest cities where snow and frost are rare, suggesting that alternative selective agents are maintaining clines in warmer cities. Additionally, some clines were driven by evolution at only CYP79D15, consistent with stronger and more consistent selection on this locus than on Li. Together, our results demonstrate that both the agents and targets of selection vary across cities and highlight urban environments as large-scale models for disentangling the causes of parallel evolution in nature.Impact SummaryUnderstanding whether independent populations evolve in the same way (i.e., in parallel) when subject to similar environments remains an important problem in evolutionary biology. Urban environments are a model for addressing the extent of parallel evolution in nature due to their convergent environments (e.g. heat islands, pollution, fragmentation), such that two distant cities are often more similar to one another than either is to nearby nonurban habitats. In this paper, we used white clover (Trifolium repens) as a model to study the drivers of parallel evolution in response to urbanization. We collected >11,000 plants from urban and rural habitats across 16 cities in eastern North America to examine how cities influence the evolution of a Mendelian polymorphism for an antiherbivore defense trait – hydrogen cyanide (HCN). This trait had previously been shown to exhibit adaptive evolution to winter temperature gradients at continental scales. Here we tested the hypothesis that winter environmental conditions cause changes in the frequency of HCN between urban and rural habitats. We found that half of all cities had lower frequency of HCN producing genotypes relative to rural habitats, demonstrating that cities drive parallel losses of HCN in eastern North America. We then used environmental data to understand why cities vary in the extent to which they drive reduction in HCN frequencies. The warmest cities showed the greatest reductions in HCN frequencies in urban habitats, while colder, snowier cities showed little change in HCN between urban and rural habitats. This suggests that snow weakens the strength of natural selection against HCN in cities. However, it additionally suggests alternative ecological or evolutionary mechanisms drive the strong differences in HCN between urban and rural habitats in the warmest cities. Overall, our work highlights urban environments as powerful, large-scale models for disentangling the causes of parallel and non-parallel evolution in nature.


1996 ◽  
Vol 124 (9) ◽  
pp. 1865-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance F. Bosart ◽  
Gregory J. Hakim ◽  
Kevin R. Tyle ◽  
Mary A. Bedrick ◽  
W. Edward Bracken ◽  
...  

The emergence of village-communities profoundly transformed social organization in every part of the world where such societies developed. Contributors to The Archaeology of Villages in Eastern North America employ archaeological and historical evidence to explore the development of villages among eastern North American indigenous societies of the deep and recent past. Rich data sets from archaeology and contemporary social theory are employed to document the physical attributes of villages, the structural organization and aggregation of such entities, what it means to be a villager, cosmological and ritual systems, and how villages were entangled with one another in regional networks. The result is a volume which highlights the similarities and differences in the historical trajectories of village formation and development in eastern North America, as well as the larger processes by which villages have the power to affect large-scale social transformations.


1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Creaser

Mesoproterozoic felsic magmatism of the Gawler Range Volcanics and Hiltaba Suite granites occurred at 1585–1595 Ma across much of the Gawler Craton, South Australia. Nd isotopic analysis of this felsic magmatism, combined with petrological and geochemical arguments, suggest derivation by partial melting of both Paleoproterozoic and Archean crust. The majority of samples analyzed have Nd isotopic and geochemical characteristics compatible with the involvement of Paleoproterozoic crust stabilized during the 1.85–1.71 Ga Kimban orogeny as sources for the Mesoproterozoic magmatism; others require derivation from sources dominated by Archean rocks. This cycle of Paleoproterozoic crustal stabilization followed by involvement of this crust Mesoproterozoic felsic magmatism is one previously documented from many parts of Mesoproterozoic Laurentia. On the basis of models proposing East Australia–Antarctica to be the conjugate landmass at the rifted margin of western North America, it appears that the voluminous magmatism of South Australia is another example of a typically Mesoproterozoic style of magmatism linked to Laurentia. This Mesoproterozoic magmatism appears temporally linked to regional high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphism of the region, and together with the presence of mantle-derived magmas, implicates the operation of large-scale tectono-thermal processes in the origin of felsic magmatism at 1590 Ma.


2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C. Pollock ◽  
James P. Hibbard ◽  
Cees R. van Staal

The eastern edge of the Appalachian orogen is composed of a collection of Neoproterozoic – early Paleozoic domains, Avalonia, Carolinia, Ganderia, Meguma, and Suwannee, which are exotic to North America. Differences in the geological histories of these peri-Gondwanan domains indicate that each separated independently from Gondwana, opening the Rheic Ocean in their wake. Cambrian departure of Ganderia and Carolina was followed by the Ordovician separation of Avalonia and Silurian separation of Meguma. After separation in the early Paleozoic, these domains constituted the borderline between the expanding Rheic Ocean and contracting Iapetus Ocean. They were transferred to Laurentia by early Silurian closure of Iapetus and Devonian–Carboniferous closure of the Rheic Ocean during the assembly of Gondwana and Laurentia into Pangaea. The first domain to arrive at Laurentia was Carolinia, which accreted in the Middle Ordovician during the Cherokee orogeny. Salinic accretion of Ganderia occurred shortly thereafter and was followed by the Acadian accretion of Avalonia. The Acadian orogeny was immediately followed by Middle Devonian – Early Carboniferous accretion of Meguma and possibly Suwannee which led to the Fammenian orogeny. The episodicity of orogeny suggests that the present location of these domains parallels their order of accretion. However, each of these crustal blocks was translated along strike by large-scale Late Devonian – Carboniferous dextral strike–slip motion. The breakup of Pangaea occurred outboard of the Paleozoic collision zones that accreted Carolinia, Ganderia, Avalonia, Meguma, and Suwannee to Laurentia, leaving these terranes appended to North America during the Mesozoic opening of the Atlantic.


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