scholarly journals Chapter 26 Consequences of long-term volcanic activity for essential services in Montserrat: challenges, adaptations and resilience

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Sword-Daniels ◽  
T. M. Wilson ◽  
S. Sargeant ◽  
T. Rossetto ◽  
J. Twigg ◽  
...  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-223
Author(s):  
Johanna Caldwell ◽  
Ashleigh Delaye ◽  
Tonino Esposito ◽  
Tara Petti ◽  
Tara Black ◽  
...  

In many North American jurisdictions, socioeconomically vulnerable families are more likely to be involved with child protection systems and experience ongoing challenges. The current public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic is having a disproportionate impact on these families via unemployment, “essential” work, isolation, and closures of childcare and schools, with negative implications for children’s developmental wellbeing. Experts warn that while child protection referrals have gone down, children who are at risk of maltreatment are less exposed to typical reporters (e.g., school professionals). At the same time, physical distancing measures are prompting many human service settings to shift toward virtual intervention with children and families. In this commentary, we suggest that a focus on short-term risk in the response to COVID-19 may obscure support for children’s long-term outcomes. We propose two policy considerations: (1) in the immediate term, that child protection workers be deemed “essential”; and (2) in the longer term, that permanent, universal basic income guarantees be implemented to support a baseline of predictability both in families’ material wellbeing and in fiscal budgets in the case of a future crisis. As we write, it is impossible to predict the longevity of these closures nor the extent of their impact on children and families. However, the present article mirrors commentary following previous crises noting the importance of going beyond immediate health risk mitigation to consider wellbeing with regard to children’s development and families’ socioeconomic needs in the long term.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9369
Author(s):  
Kelly Dombroski ◽  
Gradon Diprose ◽  
Emma Sharp ◽  
Rebekah Graham ◽  
Louise Lee ◽  
...  

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated response have brought food security into sharp focus for many New Zealanders. The requirement to “shelter in place” for eight weeks nationwide, with only “essential services” operating, affected all parts of the New Zealand food system. The nationwide full lockdown highlighted existing inequities and created new challenges to food access, availability, affordability, distribution, transportation, and waste management. While Aotearoa New Zealand is a food producer, there remains uncertainty surrounding the future of local food systems, particularly as the long-term effects of the pandemic emerge. In this article we draw on interviews with food rescue groups, urban farms, community organisations, supermarket management, and local and central government staff to highlight the diverse, rapid, community-based responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings reveal shifts at both the local scale, where existing relationships and short supply chains have been leveraged quickly, and national scale, where funding has been mobilised towards a different food strategy. We use these findings to re-imagine where and how responsibility might be taken up differently to enhance resilience and care in diverse food systems in New Zealand.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina V. Shevchenko ◽  
Viktor N. Dvigalo ◽  
Thomas R. Walter ◽  
Rene Mania ◽  
Francesco Maccaferri ◽  
...  

Abstract Continued post-collapse volcanic activity can cause the rise of a new edifice. However, details of such edifice rebirth have not been documented yet. Here, we present 7-decade-long photogrammetric data for Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka, showing its evolution after the 1956 sector collapse. Edifice rebirth started with two lava domes originating at distinct vents ~400 m apart. After 2 decades, activity became more effusive with vents migrating within ~200 m distance. After 5 decades, the activity focused on a single vent to develop a stratocone with a summit crater. We determine a long-term average growth rate of 26,400 m3/day, allowing us to estimate the regain of the pre-collapse size within the next 15 years. Numerical modeling explains the gradual vents focusing to be associated with loading changes, affecting magma pathways at depth. This work thus sheds light on the complex regrowth process following a sector collapse, with implications for regrowing volcanoes elsewhere.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Xue Fang ◽  
Zhigang Zeng ◽  
Siyi Hu ◽  
Xiaohui Li ◽  
Zuxing Chen ◽  
...  

Frequent volcanic activity has occurred in the Okinawa Trough (OT) during the late Quaternary, which attracted much attention to the origin of volcanic rocks. Pumice collected from the seafloor has been extensively investigated, whereas few studies paid attention to the pumice in the sediment. The geochemical compositions of pumice preserved in sediments generally provide insight into past volcanic activity and regional magmatism. Here, we present major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data, together with the established age framework for pumice samples recovered from sediment core S9 in the middle OT (MOT) to investigate their possible formation. Compositionally, the S9 pumice samples are dacite and are characterized by relatively higher Sr (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70480–0.70502) and Pb (206Pb/204Pb = 18.321-18.436, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.622–15.624, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.52–38.63) and lower Nd (143Nd/144Nd = 0.51272–0.51274) isotope compositions than basalts from the MOT. The geochemical compositions of pumice clasts from different layers of core S9 display no temporal variation trends and vary within narrow ranges. On the basis of the geochemical characteristics of S9 pumice samples, we infer that the parent magma of these samples might generate from hybrid magma through an extensive fractional crystallization process. The Indian Ocean MORB-type mantle was first metasomatized by the subducted Philippine Sea sediments to form the primitive magma; then, followed by assimilation of a small amount of lower crustal component occurred in the lower crust. The long-term magmatism and relatively consistent isotopic compositions indicate that a magma chamber might have existed in the lower crust of the MOT between 11.22 and 12.96 cal. ka BP.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 438-441
Author(s):  
Pratik Phansopkar ◽  
Waqar M. Naqvi ◽  
Kiran Kumar

Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19, some of the major preventive measures such as complete lockdown of the country with the availability of only essential services that lead to a lot of changes in people's daily lifestyle and work pattern. The mobile device has had a significant impact on everyday life in all ages and in almost of the countries. The average time reported spent on internet use was 2.13 hours every day in the Indian population. Mobile device users complain of discomfort in at least one area of the upper extremities, upper back, or neck pain, shoulder pain, wrist and hand pain, and finger discomfort. Long-term use of smartphones causes continuous mechanical stress on the tendons, muscles, and perimetric tissue, which can induce various musculoskeletal symptoms. The use of smartphones in a sitting position may lead to more shift in head-neck angle than in a standing position. The main aim of this article is to understand the overview of musculoskeletal check during this time of lockdown, where we all have to experience changes in our lifestyle pattern by staying indoors. So the overview of this article is concluded by giving a scientific understanding behind keeping a musculoskeletal check in smartphone overuse in lockdown phase, which is of great importance to optimize, maintain & improve the overall performance of the body.


Author(s):  
Ranjeev Mittu ◽  
Suleyman Guleyupoglu ◽  
Al Johnson ◽  
William Barlow

The emergence of new doctrine is enabling security, stabilization, transition and reconstruction (SSTR) operations to become a core U.S. military mission. These operations are now given equal priority to combat operations. The immediate goal in SSTR is to provide the local populace with security, restore essential services, and meet humanitarian needs. The long-term goal is to help develop indigenous capacity for securing and providing essential services, therefore, many SSTR operations are best performed by indigenous groups with support from foreign agencies and professionals. Large scale disasters, however, are an example where military support can enhance the value of SSTR operations. Without the means to effectively coordinate groups across the civil-military boundary, basic assistance and relief operations may be severely impeded. This paper will describe a conceptual portal, ShareInfoForPeople, which incorporates advanced Information and Communication Technology to enable collaboration, coordination and information sharing across the civil-military boundary in support of SSTR.


1982 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Delmas ◽  
Jean Marc Barnola ◽  
Michel Legrand

New results concerning the concentration of sulphate (SO4) and nitrate (NO3) in Antarctic snow and ice are presented. At Dome C, 10-year mean values and detailed studies (more than one sample a−1) were done at different depths corresponding to ages from 0 to 23 ka BP. Global volcanic activity strongly disturbs profiles of sulphate concentration for periods of a few years. Long-term fluctuations are found to be weak for both anions. The mean values obtained for acidity agree satisfactorily with the values for sulphate and nitrate. Finally, we examine the probable origin of these gas-derived aerosols in Antarctica.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ahmed Abdullah

Structural violence was first defined by Johan Galtung as “A form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs”1 The concept has been studied extensively over the years and is considered as a major reason for strangled development in various resource limited settings around the world. The idea of structural violence implies that people in power fail to provide essential services for the people they are responsible for; this failure can be intentional or unintentional, nevertheless long-term effects influence the marginalized population adversely.2


2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragoljub Belic

Global warming or Climate change refers to long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and other elements of the Earth's climate system. Natural processes such as solar-irradiance variations, variations in the Earth's orbital parameters, and volcanic activity can produce variations in climate. The climate system can also be influenced by changes in the concentration of various gases in the atmosphere, which affect the Earth's absorption of radiation.


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