scholarly journals Breaking the Vacuum Degeneracy of the Superstring

1986 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burt A. Ovrut
Keyword(s):  
Vacuum Degeneracy

scholarly journals MULTIPLE CHERN–SIMONS FIELDS ON A TORUS

1994 ◽  
Vol 09 (06) ◽  
pp. 969-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNE WESOLOWSKI ◽  
YUTAKA HOSOTANI ◽  
CHOON-LIN HO
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Gauge Field ◽  
Wilson Line ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Effective Theory ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Vacuum Structure ◽  
Vacuum Degeneracy ◽  
Chern Simons

Intertwined multiple Chern–Simons gauge fields induce matrix statistics among particles. We analyze this theory on a torus, focusing on the vacuum structure and the Hilbert space. The theory can be mimicked, although not completely, by an effective theory with one Chern–Simons gauge field. The correspondence between the Wilson line integrals, vacuum degeneracy and wave functions for these two theories are discussed. Further, it is found in both of these cases that the two total momenta and Hamiltonian commute only in the physical Hilbert space.

Mass gap in Yang's theory of gravity

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1550070
Author(s):  
Eckehard W. Mielke
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Path Integral ◽  
Open Problem ◽  
Integral Formulation ◽  
Path Integral Formulation ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Mass Gap ◽  
Weyl Invariance ◽  
Vacuum Degeneracy ◽  
Double Duality

The quantization of a curvature-squared model of gravity, in the affine form proposed by Yang, is reconsidered in the path integral formulation. Due to its inherent Weyl invariance, sharing this with internal Yang–Mills fields, it or some of its topological generalizations are still a possible route to quantum gravity. Instanton type solutions with double duality properties exhibit a "vacuum degeneracy", i.e. a bifurcation into distinct classical Einsteinian backgrounds. For linearized fields, this conclusively induces a mass gap in the graviton spectrum, a feature which is an open problem in the quantization of internal Yang–Mills fields.

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