scholarly journals Necessity of Complex Hilbert Space for Quantum Mechanics

1973 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Toyoda
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space

scholarly journals Quantum mechanics: why complex Hilbert space?

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2106) ◽  
pp. 20160393 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cassinelli ◽  
P. Lahti
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Complex Field ◽  
Quantum Revolution

We outline a programme for an axiomatic reconstruction of quantum mechanics based on the statistical duality of states and effects that combines the use of a theorem of Solér with the idea of symmetry. We also discuss arguments favouring the choice of the complex field. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Second quantum revolution: foundational questions’.

scholarly journals A Model of Causal and Probabilistic Reasoning in Frame Semantics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Frame Semantics ◽  
Quantum Entity ◽  
Natural Counterpart

Quantum mechanics admits a “linguistic interpretation” if one equates preliminary any quantum state of some whether quantum entity or word, i.e. a wave function interpretable as an element of the separable complex Hilbert space. All possible Feynman pathways can link to each other any two semantic units such as words or term in any theory. Then, the causal reasoning would correspond to the case of classical mechanics (a single trajectory, in which any next point is causally conditioned), and the probabilistic reasoning, to the case of quantum mechanics (many Feynman trajectories). Frame semantics turns out to be the natural counterpart of that linguistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.

scholarly journals Problem of the direct quantum-information transformation of chemical substance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Chemical Substance ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Direct Transformation ◽  
Matter Energy

Arthur Clark and Michael Kube–McDowell (“The Triger”, 2000) suggested the sci-fi idea about the direct transformation from a chemical substance to another by the action of a newly physical, “Trigger” field. Karl Brohier, a Nobel Prize winner, who is a dramatic persona in the novel, elaborates a new theory, re-reading and re-writing Pauling’s “The Nature of the Chemical Bond”; according to Brohier: “Information organizes and differentiates energy. It regularizes and stabilizes matter. Information propagates through matter-energy and mediates the interactions of matter-energy.” Dr Horton, his collaborator in the novel replies: “If the universe consists of energy and information, then the Trigger somehow alters the information envelope of certain substances –“.“Alters it, scrambles it, overwhelms it, destabilizes it” Brohier adds.There is a scientific debate whether or how far chemistry is fundamentally reducible to quantum mechanics. Nevertheless, the fact that many essential chemical properties and reactions are at least partly representable in terms of quantum mechanics is doubtless. For the quantum mechanics itself has been reformulated as a theory of a special kind of information, quantum information, chemistry might be in turn interpreted in the same terms.Wave function, the fundamental concept of quantum mechanics, can be equivalently defined as a series of qubits, eventually infinite. A qubit, being defined as the normed superposition of the two orthogonal subspaces of the complex Hilbert space, can be interpreted as a generalization of the standard bit of information as to infinite sets or series. All “forces” in the Standard model, which are furthermore essential for chemical transformations, are groups [U(1),SU(2),SU(3)] of the transformations of the complex Hilbert space and thus, of series of qubits.One can suggest that any chemical substances and changes are fundamentally representable as quantum information and its transformations. If entanglement is interpreted as a physical field, though any group above seems to be unattachable to it, it might be identified as the “Triger field”. It might cause a direct transformation of any chemical substance by from a remote distance. Is this possible in principle?

Qubits and the Framework of Quantum Mechanics

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Kaye ◽  
Raymond Laflamme ◽  
Michele Mosca
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Computing ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
State Space ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
The State ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Infinite Dimensional

In this section we introduce the framework of quantum mechanics as it pertains to the types of systems we will consider for quantum computing. Here we also introduce the notion of a quantum bit or ‘qubit’, which is a fundamental concept for quantum computing. At the beginning of the twentieth century, it was believed by most that the laws of Newton and Maxwell were the correct laws of physics. By the 1930s, however, it had become apparent that these classical theories faced serious problems in trying to account for the observed results of certain experiments. As a result, a new mathematical framework for physics called quantum mechanics was formulated, and new theories of physics called quantum physics were developed in this framework. Quantum physics includes the physical theories of quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory, but we do not need to know these physical theories in order to learn about quantum information. Quantum information is the result of reformulating information theory in this quantum framework. We saw in Section 1.6 an example of a two-state quantum system: a photon that is constrained to follow one of two distinguishable paths. We identified the two distinguishable paths with the 2-dimensional basis vectors and then noted that a general ‘path state’ of the photon can be described by a complex vector with |α0|2 +|α1|2 = 1. This simple example captures the essence of the first postulate, which tells us how physical states are represented in quantum mechanics. Depending on the degree of freedom (i.e. the type of state) of the system being considered, H may be infinite-dimensional. For example, if the state refers to the position of a particle that is free to occupy any point in some region of space, the associated Hilbert space is usually taken to be a continuous (and thus infinite-dimensional) space. It is worth noting that in practice, with finite resources, we cannot distinguish a continuous state space from one with a discrete state space having a sufficiently small minimum spacing between adjacent locations. For describing realistic models of quantum computation, we will typically only be interested in degrees of freedom for which the state is described by a vector in a finite-dimensional (complex) Hilbert space.

scholarly journals The isomorphism of Minkowski space and the separable complex Hilbert space and its physical interpretation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Minkowski Space ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Axiom Of Choice ◽  
The Axiom Of Choice

An isomorphism is built between the separable complex Hilbert space (quantum mechanics) and Minkowski space (special relativity) by meditation of quantum information (i.e. qubit by qubit). That isomorphism can be interpreted physically as the invariance between a reference frame within a system and its unambiguous counterpart out of the system. The same idea can be applied to Poincaré’s conjecture (proved by G. Perelman) hinting another way for proving it, more concise and meaningful physically. Mathematically, the isomorphism means the invariance to choice, the axiom of choice, well-ordering, and well-ordering “theorem” (or “principle”) and can be defined generally as “information invariance”.

scholarly journals Choice, Infinity, and Negation: Both Set-Theory and Quantum-Information Viewpoints to Negation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Natural Number ◽  
Set Theory ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Heyting Arithmetic ◽  
Infinite Set

The concepts of choice, negation, and infinity are considered jointly. The link is the quantity of information interpreted as the quantity of choices measured in units of elementary choice: a bit is an elementary choice between two equally probable alternatives. “Negation” supposes a choice between it and confirmation. Thus quantity of information can be also interpreted as quantity of negations. The disjunctive choice between confirmation and negation as to infinity can be chosen or not in turn: This corresponds to set-theory or intuitionist approach to the foundation of mathematics and to Peano or Heyting arithmetic. Quantum mechanics can be reformulated in terms of information introducing the concept and quantity of quantum information. A qubit can be equivalently interpreted as that generalization of “bit” where the choice is among an infinite set or series of alternatives. The complex Hilbert space can be represented as both series of qubits and value of quantum information. The complex Hilbert space is that generalization of Peano arithmetic where any natural number is substituted by a qubit. “Negation”, “choice”, and “infinity” can be inherently linked to each other both in the foundation of mathematics and quantum mechanics by the meditation of “information” and “quantum information”.

QUANTUM MECHANICS WITH p-ADIC NUMBERS

1989 ◽  
Vol 04 (19) ◽  
pp. 5133-5147 ◽  
Author(s):  
YANNICK MEURICE
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Harmonic Oscillator ◽  
Heisenberg Group ◽  
Canonical Transformation ◽  
Free Particle ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Canonical Transformations ◽  
Linear Canonical Transformation

We discuss unitary realizations of the Heisenberg group and the linear canonical transformations over a complex Hilbert space but with dynamical variables on a p-adic field Qp. For all p, an appropriate choice of phase turns the realization of the linear canonical transformation into a representation up to a sign of SL (2, Qp). We give the spectra of the subgroups corresponding to the free particle and the harmonic oscillator. We discuss briefly the possibility of an adelic interpretation.

scholarly journals The case of quantum mechanics mathematizing reality: the “superposition” of mathematically modelled and mathematical reality: Is there any room for gravity?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Global Space ◽  
The Standard Model

A case study of quantum mechanics is investigated in the framework of the philosophical opposition “mathematical model – reality”. All classical science obeys the postulate about the fundamental difference of model and reality, and thus distinguishing epistemology from ontology fundamentally. The theorems about the absence of hidden variables in quantum mechanics imply for it to be “complete” (versus Einstein’s opinion). That consistent completeness (unlike arithmetic to set theory in the foundations of mathematics in Gödel’s opinion) can be interpreted furthermore as the coincidence of model and reality. The paper discusses the option and fact of that coincidence it its base: the fundamental postulate formulated by Niels Bohr about what quantum mechanics studies (unlike all classical science). Quantum mechanics involves and develops further both identification and disjunctive distinction of the global space of the apparatus and the local space of the investigated quantum entity as complementary to each other. This results into the analogical complementarity of model and reality in quantum mechanics. The apparatus turns out to be both absolutely “transparent” and identically coinciding simultaneously with the reflected quantum reality. Thus, the coincidence of model and reality is postulated as necessary condition for cognition in quantum mechanics by Bohr’s postulate and further, embodied in its formalism of the separable complex Hilbert space, in turn, implying the theorems of the absence of hidden variables (or the equivalent to them “conservation of energy conservation” in quantum mechanics). What the apparatus and measured entity exchange cannot be energy (for the different exponents of energy), but quantum information (as a certain, unambiguously determined wave function) therefore a generalized law of conservation, from which the conservation of energy conservation is a corollary. Particularly, the local and global space (rigorously justified in the Standard model) share the complementarity isomorphic to that of model and reality in the foundation of quantum mechanics. On that background, one can think of the troubles of “quantum gravity” as fundamental, direct corollaries from the postulates of quantum mechanics. Gravity can be defined only as a relation or by a pair of non-orthogonal separable complex Hilbert space attachable whether to two “parts” or to a whole and its parts. On the contrary, all the three fundamental interactions in the Standard model are “flat” and only “properties”: they need only a single separable complex Hilbert space to be defined.

scholarly journals Quantum-information conservation. The problem about “hidden variables”, or the “conservation of energy conservation” in quantum mechanics: A historical lesson for future discoveries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Ordinal Number ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
The Universe

The explicit history of the “hidden variables” problem is well-known and established. The main events of its chronology are traced. An implicit context of that history is suggested. It links the problem with the “conservation of energy conservation” in quantum mechanics. Bohr, Kramers, and Slaters (1924) admitted its violation being due to the “fourth Heisenberg uncertainty”, that of energy in relation to time. Wolfgang Pauli rejected the conjecture and even forecast the existence of a new and unknown then elementary particle, neutrino, on the ground of energy conservation in quantum mechanics, afterwards confirmed experimentally. Bohr recognized his defeat and Pauli’s truth: the paradigm of elementary particles (furthermore underlying the Standard model) dominates nowadays. However, the reason of energy conservation in quantum mechanics is quite different from that in classical mechanics (the Lie group of all translations in time). Even more, if the reason was the latter, Bohr, Cramers, and Slatters’s argument would be valid. The link between the “conservation of energy conservation” and the problem of hidden variables is the following: the former is equivalent to their absence. The same can be verified historically by the unification of Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics and Schrödinger’s wave mechanics in the contemporary quantum mechanics by means of the separable complex Hilbert space. The Heisenberg version relies on the vector interpretation of Hilbert space, and the Schrödinger one, on the wave-function interpretation. However the both are equivalent to each other only under the additional condition that a certain well-ordering is equivalent to the corresponding ordinal number (as in Neumann’s definition of “ordinal number”). The same condition interpreted in the proper terms of quantum mechanics means its “unitarity”, therefore the “conservation of energy conservation”. In other words, the “conservation of energy conservation” is postulated in the foundations of quantum mechanics by means of the concept of the separable complex Hilbert space, which furthermore is equivalent to postulating the absence of hidden variables in quantum mechanics (directly deducible from the properties of that Hilbert space). Further, the lesson of that unification (of Heisenberg’s approach and Schrödinger’s version) can be directly interpreted in terms of the unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics in the cherished “quantum gravity” as well as a “manual” of how one can do this considering them as isomorphic to each other in a new mathematical structure corresponding to quantum information. Even more, the condition of the unification is analogical to that in the historical precedent of the unifying mathematical structure (namely the separable complex Hilbert space of quantum mechanics) and consists in the class of equivalence of any smooth deformations of the pseudo-Riemannian space of general relativity: each element of that class is a wave function and vice versa as well. Thus, quantum mechanics can be considered as a “thermodynamic version” of general relativity, after which the universe is observed as if “outside” (similarly to a phenomenological thermodynamic system observable only “outside” as a whole). The statistical approach to that “phenomenological thermodynamics” of quantum mechanics implies Gibbs classes of equivalence of all states of the universe, furthermore representable in Boltzmann’s manner implying general relativity properly … The meta-lesson is that the historical lesson can serve for future discoveries.

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