scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Cosmic Rays around the Knee Observed by the Tibet Air-Shower-Core Detector

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (Suppl.A) ◽  
pp. 206-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Amenomori ◽  
X. J. Bi ◽  
D. Chen ◽  
S. W. Cui ◽  
L. K. Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Shower Core

scholarly journals The Chemical Composition of Cometary Nuclei

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
L. M. Shul'man
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Nuclear Surface ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cometary Nuclei

The probable parent-molecules of radicals such as C3 and N2+ are discussed, and it is concluded that cometary nuclei may contain complicated organic molecules, such as C3H4, CH2N2, and C4H2. It is suggested that these molecules are formed by radiation synthesis in solid phase. In a time interval of order 107 to 109 yr bombardment from cosmic rays would be expected to transform the chemical composition to a depth of 1 m. Solar cosmic rays do not penetrate as far, and as a result the surface layer of the nucleus can be enriched with unsaturated hydrocarbons. After a critical concentration of this explosive material is reached a further burst of solar cosmic rays can initiate an explosion and thus an outburst in the comet's brightness. This mechanism is the only one advanced to date that can explain the synchronism of the energy output over the whole nuclear surface.

Calibration of the Yangbajing Air-shower Core detector using the test beam of BEPCII

2008 ◽  
Vol 175-176 ◽  
pp. 521-524
Author(s):  
Zhaoyang Feng ◽  
J.C. Li ◽  
Y. Katayose ◽  
J.T. Liu ◽  
M. Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Beam ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Shower Core

scholarly journals The Source Composition of Galactic Cosmic Rays as Possibly Originated from the Dust in the Circumstellar and Interstellar Space

1991 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 433-436
Author(s):  
Kunitomo Sakurai
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Interstellar Space ◽  
Interstellar Clouds ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
Siderophile Elements

AbstractThe chemical composition of galactic cosmic rays in their sources is similar to that of interstellar clouds or grains which are relatively enriched in refractory and siderophile elements as compared with the chemical composition of the solar atmosphere. Taking into account this fact, it is shown that the cosmic ray source matter can be identified as the dust or grains observed in the envelopes of red supergiant stars or the matter originally ejected from supernova explosions.

A Search for Cosmic Rays Streaming Out of the Galaxy

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Fenton ◽  
K. B. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
The Galaxy

Evidence has been mounting for some years that cosmic rays have a dwell time in the disk of the Galaxy of 106-107 years. This evidence comes mainly from the study of the chemical composition of the cosmic rays, for if the particles were stored in the Galaxy for a longer time the heavy nuclei would suffer more collisions with interstellar matter and would be broken down into lighter nuclei or protons (see, for example, Shapiro).

Air Shower Events of High-Energy Cosmic Rays Measured at Seoul, South Korea

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wooram Cho ◽  
Jae-ik Shin ◽  
Hongki Kim ◽  
Seulgi Lee ◽  
Sunin Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
South Korea ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Air Shower

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MAXIMUM ENERGY OF GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS

2010 ◽  
Vol 716 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shibata ◽  
Y. Katayose ◽  
J. Huang ◽  
D. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Maximum Energy

scholarly journals On the Detection of Heavy Primaries above 1014 EV

1981 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 71-72
Author(s):  
T. K. Gaisser ◽  
Todor Stanev ◽  
Phyllis Freier ◽  
C. Jake Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Primary Cosmic Rays

Knowledge of the chemical composition is fundamental to understanding the origin, acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays. At energies much above 1014 eV, however, the detection of single primary cosmic rays is at present impossible because of their low flux, and the only source of information is from the cascades initiated by energetic primary particles in the atmosphere–the extensive air showers (EAS). A similar situation exists for the study of hadronic interactions above 1015 eV. A recent EAS experiment (Goodman et al., 1979) suggests the possibility that the spectrum becomes increasingly rich in heavy nuclei as the total energy per nucleus approaches 1015 eV. Above that energy the overall spectrum steepens and the question of composition is almost completely open.

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