Spatial Distribution of Excited Molecules Induced by Proton Beam in Nitrogen Gas

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1672-1677
Author(s):  
Akio Itoh ◽  
Masatoshi Asari ◽  
Fumio Fukuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Proton Beam ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Excited Molecules

Spatial distribution of surface treatment efficiency in coplanar barrier discharge operated with oxygen–nitrogen gas mixtures

2003 ◽  
Vol 174-175 ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Štefečka ◽  
Masashi Kando ◽  
Mirko Černák ◽  
Dariusz Korzec ◽  
Emilia G. Finantu-Dinu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Barrier Discharge ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Gas

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution Measurement of Neutrons Produced by 120-GeV Proton Beam in Concrete Shield

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi YASHIMA ◽  
Yoshimi KASUGAI ◽  
Norihiro MATSUDA ◽  
Hiroshi MATSUMURA ◽  
Shun SEKIMOTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Proton Beam ◽  
Distribution Measurement

Manipulation of laser-accelerated proton beam spatial distribution by laser machined microstructure targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 113101
Author(s):  
D. Y. Li ◽  
T. Yang ◽  
M. J. Wu ◽  
H. Cheng ◽  
Y. Z. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Proton Beam

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

The Structure of Radiation Cross-Linked Poly (ethylene oxide) Gels

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 76-77
Author(s):  
C. E. Cluthe ◽  
G. G. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Radical Reaction ◽  
Free Radical Reaction ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Initial Viscosity

Aqueous solutions of a 1 weight-per cent poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) were degassed under vacuum, transferred to a parallel plate viscometer under a nitrogen gas blanket, and exposed to Co60 gamma radiation. The Co60 source was rated at 4000 curies, and the dose ratewas 3.8x105 rads/hr. The poly (ethylene oxide) employed in the irradiations had an initial viscosity average molecular weight of 2.1 x 106.The solutions were gelled by a free radical reaction with dosages ranging from 5x104 rads to 4.8x106 rads.

SEM evaluation of the TEM cold-stage double-film specimen

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Jayesh Bellare
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Liquid Sample ◽  
Thin Specimen ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
Film Specimen

Seeing is believing, but only after the sample preparation technique has received a systematic study and a full record is made of the treatment the sample gets.For microstructured liquids and suspensions, fast-freeze thermal fixation and cold-stage microscopy is perhaps the least artifact-laden technique. In the double-film specimen preparation technique, a layer of liquid sample is trapped between 100- and 400-mesh polymer (polyimide, PI) coated grids. Blotting against filter paper drains excess liquid and provides a thin specimen, which is fast-frozen by plunging into liquid nitrogen. This frozen sandwich (Fig. 1) is mounted in a cooling holder and viewed in TEM.Though extremely promising for visualization of liquid microstructures, this double-film technique suffers from a) ireproducibility and nonuniformity of sample thickness, b) low yield of imageable grid squares and c) nonuniform spatial distribution of particulates, which results in fewer being imaged.

Macroprobe Mode for the Study of Segregation in Steels

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Auclair Gilles ◽  
Benoit Danièle
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Sheet Steel ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accurate Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Optical Micrographs

During these last 10 years, high performance correction procedures have been developed for classical EPMA, and it is nowadays possible to obtain accurate quantitative analysis even for soft X-ray radiations. It is also possible to perform EPMA by adapting this accurate quantitative procedures to unusual applications such as the measurement of the segregation on wide areas in as-cast and sheet steel products.The main objection for analysis of segregation in steel by means of a line-scan mode is that it requires a very heavy sampling plan to make sure that the most significant points are analyzed. Moreover only local chemical information is obtained whereas mechanical properties are also dependant on the volume fraction and the spatial distribution of highly segregated zones. For these reasons we have chosen to systematically acquire X-ray calibrated mappings which give pictures similar to optical micrographs. Although mapping requires lengthy acquisition time there is a corresponding increase in the information given by image anlysis.

Ultrastructural analysis of the spatial distribution of MRNA

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
Gary Bassell ◽  
Robert H. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Dna Probe ◽  
Nucleotide Analogs ◽  
Gold Particles

We have been investigating the spatial distribution of nucleic acids intracellularly using in situ hybridization. The use of non-isotopic nucleotide analogs incorporated into the DNA probe allows the detection of the probe at its site of hybridization within the cell. This approach therefore is compatible with the high resolution available by electron microscopy. Biotinated or digoxigenated probe can be detected by antibodies conjugated to colloidal gold. Because mRNA serves as a template for the probe fragments, the colloidal gold particles are detected as arrays which allow it to be unequivocally distinguished from background.

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