scholarly journals POVERTY, POLICY REFORMS FOR RESOURCE-USE AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: NEGLECTED ISSUES

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (02) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLEM TISDELL
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Lock In

It is widely believed that in developing countries, open-access to natural resources, inadequate private property rights, and lack of development of market systems add to the incidence of poverty. Increased economic efficiency is seen as a powerful force for reducing the extent of poverty in developing countries in the long run. While this may be so, it ignores the depth and incidence of poverty that can be generated during adjustments to policy reforms. This possibility constrains policy choices as shown theoretically on natural resource policies and agricultural adjustment policies with Asian examples. Social, behavioral, and institutional features are also considered as they may result in the poverty lock-in of some groups. It is essential to consider dynamic processes and not to rely solely on comparative statics when assessing economic policies to reduce poverty and increase economic efficiency. It is also important to take into account the institutional constraints on policy choices.

Review of Article 27.3(b) and the Patenting of Life Forms: Hitting a BRIC Wall in the WTO?

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-318
Author(s):  
Jagjit Plahe ◽  
Nitesh Kukreja ◽  
Sunil Ponnamperuma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Under Article 27.3(b) of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO), all members are required to extend private property rights to life forms. Using official WTO documents, this article analyzes the negotiating positions of WTO members on life patents during a review of Article 27.3(b) which commenced in 1999 and is currently ongoing. Initially, developing countries raised serious ethical concerns regarding life patents, creating a clear North-South divide. However, over time the position of Brazil and India moved away from the ethics of life patents to the prevention of bio-piracy, a position supported by China. Russia too is supportive of life patents. A group of small developing countries have, however, continued to question the morality of life patents despite this “BRIC wall,” changing the dynamics of the negotiations from a North-South divide to one which now includes a South-South divide.

Property Rights

2019 ◽  
pp. 611-614
Author(s):  
Thomas Apolte
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Ownership Structures ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth

Creation of ownership structures under private law as well as market liberalization can be seen as central to transformation. This chapter examines how private property rights, among others, encourage economic efficiency, strengthen economic competition, make businesses subject to the discipline of the market, and create a capital market. The emergence and development of a property rights structure at a given point in time is always also the result of a conflictual history. One of the advantages of a developed market economy is that conflictual resource acquisition lies in the past and has ceased to play a significant role in the recognition of the existing distribution of wealth. It is astonishing how little conflict was caused by post-socialist privatization.

scholarly journals The Impact of FDI on the Economic Growth of Sri Lanka: An ARDL Approach to Co-integration

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha NPG ◽  
Liu Haiyun
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Greenfield Investments ◽  
Ardl Approach ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

The impact of foreign direct investment(FDI) on host country economic growth is a debatable issue in the recent economic literature. The purpose of this study is to examine this issue for a country which practiced comparatively more liberal economic policies within the South Asian region over four decades. The ARDL approach to cointegration is applied to identify long-run relationship and short-run dynamics between selected variables for the period of 1978 to 2015 for Sri Lanka. The empirical result confirms the long run relationship between the variables. FDI is positively correlated with economic growth in the short run and long run, but it is not a significant factor for economic growth in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka will have to undertake policy reforms related to FDI in order to attract more greenfield investments to boost economic growth creating new job opportunities and expanding exports in the manufacturing sector. These findings would be an example for other small open economies with similar economic characteristics.

Unbundling Institutions: Using Economic Analysis to Understand the Importance of Institutions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Scriven
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Douglass North ◽  
Policy Arena

A large literature on institutions has developed that claims that institutions influence long-run growth and development; thus, it becomes critical to carefully examine what institutions influence which outcomes to better understand factors that influence long-run economic growth across countries. Douglass North terms institutions as the rules of the game and this paper will work to further examine these rules by looking at private property rights institutions, which are the rules and regulation protecting citizens against the power of the government and elites , and contracting institutions, which are the rules and regulations governing contracts between ordinary citizens. The paper Unbundling Institutions , published in the Journal of Political Economy by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson in 2005, seeks to conceptualize the different factors within the institutional framework and provide some semblance of which of these factors provide the most relevant analysis. The paper finds that property rights institutions have a strong influence on long-run economic growth, investment, and financial development, while contracting institutions have a more limited impact on those same factors. My presentation will give a concise background on the development of the new institutional approach and explain the reasoning for the conceptual divide between property rights and contracting institutions. Using a two-stage least squares regression (2SLS) approach and the instrumental variable approach, the presentation will address issues of causality and correlation. Identifying the link to the policy arena will provide context as to why this area is of particular importance.

Patenting Biodiversity? Rejecting WTO/TRIPS in Southern Africa

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Mushita ◽  
Carol B. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Year 2000

The year 2000 was the deadline for developing countries to bring their national laws into compliance with the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement under the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the transition to one universal intellectual property law is not proceeding as scripted. After briefly summarizing a long tradition of debate about intellectual property, this article first analyzes what is new and different about TRIPS. It then argues that extending intellectual private property rights to plants, in particular in the form of patents, challenges scientific logic and threatens biodiversity. Southern Africa has also taken this view, and is proposing political and legal alternatives to the patenting of biodiversity. Combining principles from the Convention on Bio logical Diversity and the FAO International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, draft legislation affirms farmers' and community rights, while not denying the important role of international protocols. The proposal, calling for local and national control, is not only a model for Africa, but for other developing countries to resolve the incongruities between TRIPS and the CBD over the patenting of living organisms.

Environmental Impacts of Enhanced Private Property Rights

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-381
Author(s):  
Ross McKitrick ◽  
Timothy Shufelt
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
International Data

There has been concern in western countries over whether strong private property rights empower polluters to the detriment of other citizens. This debate is now playing out in transition economies and developing countries, where the process of moving to a market economy involves strengthening property rights. We review the conflicting arguments and test them using a new international data base. After controlling for income, education and political factors we find that cross-sectional differences in property rights regimes explain some international differences in pollution rates, but changes in property rights laws within a country do not seem to affect emissions.

Institutions, democracy and growth in the very long run

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Yanovskiy ◽  
Sergey Shulgin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Long Run

We tested the hypothesis of the political basis for economic rights and constructed our own variables of political regimes’ classification for the years 1820–2000. We found significant positive interdependencies between democracy indicators and economic growth. The protection of private property rights requires, first and foremost, due guarantees for personal immunity. Discretionary arrests and property seizures undermine any formal guarantees of private property, low taxation benefits, etc. Personal immunity should be defended even for “unpleasant” persons or for the possible political opponents of the country’s ruler.

scholarly journals RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. AZNAR-MÁRQUEZ ◽  
J.R. RUIZ-TAMARIT
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Speed Of Convergence ◽  
Convergence Properties ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Renewable Natural Resources ◽  
Endogenous Variables ◽  
Renewable Natural Resource

We study the sustainability of long-run growth in a two-sector economy where a renewable natural resource is exploited under private property rights. We obtain short- and long-run growth trajectories in closed form, examine transitional dynamics, and characterize convergence properties. We find conditions for sustainable long-run growth, which depend on the harvesting rate, and show that the speed of convergence decreases during transition. We identify a stronger version of Hartwick's rule and analyze parameter dependences for endogenous variables. Economic growth relies less on abundance or scarcity of natural resources than on the way they are managed.

State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia

1995 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael McFaul
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Subsidies

This article reviews recent events in Russia and demonstrates that future progress in developing private property rights will require not only sound economic policies but also more robust state institutions capable of carrying out economic transformation. In January 1992 Russia's first postcommunist government launched a comprehensive economic program to transform the Soviet command system into a market economy. Privatization constituted one of the key components of this program. Two years later, however, privatization in Russia had failed to create real private property rights. By the summer of 1993 insiders had acquired majority shares in two-thirds of Russia's privatized and privatizing firms, state subsidies accounted for 22 percent of Russia's GNP, little if any restructuring had taken place within enterprises, and few market institutions had been created. Progress toward creating private property rights in Russia was impeded by the particular constellation of political institutions in place after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The set of political institutions comprising the first postcommunist Russian state was not capable of either dismantling Soviet institutions governing property rights or creating or supporting new market-based economic institutions regarding private property.

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