The relationship between forelimb morphology and behaviour in North American carnivores (Carnivora)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1064-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew N Iwaniuk ◽  
Sergio M Pellis ◽  
Ian Q Whishaw
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Independent Contrasts ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Olecranon Process ◽  
The Relationship

We tested the validity of previously described relationships between forelimb structure and behaviour in mammals by measuring the forelimbs of 22 species of North American carnivores. Nine ratios were calculated from these measurements and made independent of the effects of allometry and phylogeny through the use of log-transformed regressions and independent contrasts analysis. The ratios were then directly compared with two behavioural traits: arboreal locomotion and vertebrate predation. Only five of the nine ratios exhibited a significant relationship with arboreal locomotion and three with vertebrate predation. It was concluded that the brachial index, relative size of the olecranon process, and total forelimb robusticity may be reliable predictors of arboreal locomotion, and that the brachial index, relative size of the olecranon process, and radial robusticity may be accurate predictors of vertebrate predation. The data also suggest that the morphology of the lower forelimb may be an important indicator of prey-capture and feeding behaviour in carnivores and could be used in conjunction with craniodental variables to extrapolate predatory behaviour of extinct species.

The Ontogeny of Predatory Behaviour in the Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus a. Auratus). IV. Effects of Prolonged Exposure, Iti, Size of Prey and Selective Breeding

Behaviour ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polsky Richard H.
Keyword(s):  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
The Stability

As an outgrowth of previous experimental work (POLSKY, 1977a, 1977b, 1977c) this paper presents findings which examined the influence of the following variables on the development of predatory behaviour in golden hamsters (M. a. auratits) : (a) prolonged exposure to the prey; (b) the interval between successive prey presentations (ITI) ; (c) the size of prey, and (d) selective breeding. Nymphs of Locusta migratoria served as prey. The basic methodology consisted of testing naive hamsters individually for the capture of a locust in their own home compartment. The principal measure was latency to capture; in addition, in Experiment 3 the frequency of exploration of the prey, withdrawal from the prey, nip at the prey and unsuccessful capture were recorded. Results showed: 1. Increasing familiarization with the prey via prolonged exposure resulted in an increase in the incidence of capture. 2. Latency to capture decreased significantly with repeated testing when the prey was presented at intervals of five or ten days; no significant decrease occurred when the prey was presented at intervals of one day. Further, the response of capture remained intact in established captors after a period of seventy days without the opportunity for capture. 3. Large prey were captured with relatively high latencies by forty day old hamsters; overall, forty day old hamsters, when compared with seventy day old hamsters, also showed a greater frequency of the behaviours associated with capture. 4. Prey capture was susceptible to the effects of selective breeding. The above results were discussed within the framework of habituation (Experiment i), methodological procedures and the stability of the prey capture response (Experiment 2), the relative size between predator and prey (Experiment 3) and genetic predispositions for capture (Experiment 4). Areas for future research were suggested.

The Ontogeny of Predatory Behaviour in the Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus a. Auratus). Iv. Effects of Prolonged Exposure, Iti, Size of Prey and Selective Breeding

Behaviour ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polsky Richard H.
Keyword(s):  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
The Stability

As an outgrowth of previous experimental work (POLSKY, 1977a, 1977b, 1977c) this paper presents findings which examined the influence of the following variables on the development of predatory behaviour in golden hamsters (M. a. auratus) : (a) prolonged exposure to the prey; (b) the interval between successive prey presentations (ITI) ; (c) the size of prey, and (d) selective breeding. Nymphs of Locusta migratoria served as prey. The basic methodology consisted of testing naive hamsters individually for the capture of a locust in their own home compartment. The principal measure was latency to capture; in addition, in Experiment 3 the frequency of exploration of the prey, withdrawal from the prey, nip at the prey and unsuccessful capture were recorded. Results showed: 1. Increasing familiarization with the prey via prolonged exposure resulted in an increase in the incidence of capture. 2. Latency to capture decreased significantly with repeated testing when the prey was presented at intervals of five or ten days; no significant decrease occurred when the prey was presented at intervals of one day. Further, the response of capture remained intact in established captors after a period of seventy days without the opportunity for capture. 3. Large prey were captured with relatively high latencies by forty day old hamsters; overall, forty day old hamsters, when compared with seventy day old hamsters, also showed a greater frequency of the behaviours associated with capture. 4. Prey capture was susceptible to the effects of selective breeding. The above results were discussed within the framework of habituation (Experiment 1), methodological procedures and the stability of the prey capture response (Experiment 2), the relative size between predator and prey (Experiment 3) and genetic predispositions for capture (Experiment 4). Areas for future research were suggested.

Predicting the Dose of Warfarin for Therapeutic Anticoagulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (03) ◽  
pp. 230-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
N K Sharma ◽  
P A Routledge ◽  
M D Rawlins ◽  
D M Davies
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Range ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Maintenance Dose ◽  
Warfarin Dose ◽  
Loading Dose ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Therapeutic Anticoagulation ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anticoagulant Response

SummaryThe validity of a previously described technique for predicting warfarin requirements based on the anticoagulant response to a fixed loading dose was assessed prospectively in 57 patients. There was a close relationship between the predicted and initially observed daily warfarin dose required to maintain the patient within the therapeutic range for anticoagulation. The significant relationship between predicted and observed maintenance dose persisted at 4 and 12 weeks although it decreased with increasing time.The relationship between observed and predicted maintenance requirement of warfarin was not affected by the concomitant use of intermittent intravenous injections of heparin when 9 hr was allowed to elapse between the previous dose of heparin and the thrombotest estimation on which the prediction was based.It is concluded that the method is valuable in predicting an individual’s warfarin requirement, although it does not obviate the need for regular monitoring of anticoagulant control.

EL NINO RELATED CLIMATE AND DENGUE FEVER CASES IN JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MASROOR ALI KHAN ◽  
KHALID AL GHAMDI ◽  
JAZEM A. MEHYOUB ◽  
RAKHSHAN KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
The Relationship

The focus of this study is to find the relationship between El Nino and dengue fever cases in the study area.Mosquito density was recorded with the help of light traps and through aspirators collection. Climate data were obtained from National Meteorology and Environment centre. (Year wise El Nino and La Nina data are according to NOAA & Golden Gate Weather Services). Statistical methods were used to establish the correlation coefficient between different factors. A high significant relationship was observed between Relative Humidity and Dengue fever cases, but Aedes abundance had no significant relationship with either Relative humidity and Temperature. Our conclusion is that the El Nino does not affect the dengue transmission and Aedes mosquito abundance in this region, which is supported by earlier works.

ÖRGÜTLERDE ÖRGÜTSEL BOLLUĞUN GİRİŞİMSEL ORYANTASYON ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurdan Gürkan ◽  
Ahmet Ferda Çakmak
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Organizational Slack ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of entrepreneurial orientation, which emerges with the development of strategic management, refers to entrepreneurship orientations of businesses. The businesses need resources in other words organizational slack in order to develop their entrepreneurial trends. The organizational slack consists of three slack type. These slack types are available slack, recoverable slack and potential slack. The purpose of this study is to examine whether organizational slack in the businesses has an effect on entrepreneurial orientation. The relationship between organizational slack and entrepreneurial orientation was investigated through 20 companies that were traded in Borsa Istanbul Corporate Governance Index for 2010-2014 period using panel data analysis method. The results of the study indicate the existence of a statistically significant relationship between and the available slack and the recoverable slack with the entrepreneurial orientation in the businesses. According to findings; there was no statistically significant relationship between potential slack and entrepreneurial orientation.

The influence of Herzberg’s motivator factor on employees’ organizational citizenship behaviour

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Noorlaila Yunus ◽  
Cairul Azwa Azimi
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Civic Virtue ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Achievement Growth ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Relationship

Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) has been widely studied across the boarders especially in the western countries. This workplace voluntary behaviour is associated with many predictors that may bring whether major, minor or negative influence towards the engagement of employees’ OCB. Basically, this study is focusing on motivation as the predictor or independent variable that influence employees’ engagement on the OCB (altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, civic virtue and sportsmanship) behaviour. Herzberg’s motivator factor (achievement, advancement, recognition and growth) has been chosen as the independent variable. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed conveniently to respondents. With 125 questionnaires returned, researcher was able to analyze the data based on the research questions and hypotheses developed. The findings showed moderate and weak, significant relationship between the variable excluding the relationship between independent variable and civic virtue and sportsmanship. Thus, Herzberg’s motivator factor was not a predictor to civic virtue and sportsmanship behaviour. However for the strongest predictor; achievement, growth and growth are strongly predicts the altruism, conscientiousness and courtesy behaviour respectively. However, with the absence of relationship between independent variable and civic virtue as well as sportsmanship, therefore the strongest predictor cannot be determined as the value recorded was below the criterion.

The relationship between staff organizational loyalty and job satisfaction and enthusiasm

2020 ◽  
Vol 2-3 (20) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Andrii Trofimov ◽  
◽  
Alina Strymetska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Satisfaction Questionnaire ◽  
Organizational Loyalty ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. In a market economy, staff organizational loyalty is one of the key challenges. Aim. To explore the relationship between staff organizational loyalty and their job satisfaction and enthusiasm. Methods: J. Meyer and N. Allen Scale of Organizational Loyalty, Utrecht Scale of Work Enthusiasm, and Integral Job Satisfaction questionnaire. Results. There is a statistically significant relationship between staff job satisfaction and organizational loyalty. Overall staff organizational loyalty has been shown to relate with such scales of work enthusiasm as "energy", "commitment", and "general enthusiasm". Conclusions. Staff organizational loyalty significantly correlates with staff job satisfaction (in particular, with such components of job satisfaction as job achievement satisfaction, colleagues relationship satisfaction, and work conditions satisfaction) and work enthusiasm (in particular, with staff organizational commitment).

HUBUNGAN BOARD DAN KOMITE AUDIT TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fivi Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Earnings Management ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Earning Management ◽  
Independent Directors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Earnings management is the moral hazard problem of manager that adses because of the conflict of interest between the manager as agent and the stakeholder and the owner as principal. The behavior of earnings management will immediately influence the reported earning. The aims of this research at examining the relationship of board and audit committe to earnings management. The samples of this research is all of companies member Corporate Governance Perception Index (CGPI) in the years of 2003-2006 which were listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange. The results of this study show that (1) the proportion of independent directors on the board had not significant relationship to earning management, (2) competence of independent directors on the board had not significant relationship to earning management, (3) the size of board had significant relationship to earning management, (4) the proportion of independent directors on the audit committe had not significant relationship to earning management, and (5) competence of members of the audit committe had significant relationship to earning management.

scholarly journals A Risk-Based Approach to Assess the Operational Resilience of Transmission Grids

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4761
Author(s):  
Milorad Papic ◽  
Svetlana Ekisheva ◽  
Eduardo Cotilla-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
North American ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Energy Delivery ◽  
The North ◽  
System Components ◽  
Bulk Power ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Modern risk analysis studies of the power system increasingly rely on big datasets, either synthesized, simulated, or real utility data. Particularly in the transmission system, outage events have a strong influence on the reliability, resilience, and security of the overall energy delivery infrastructure. In this paper we analyze historical outage data for transmission system components and discuss the implications of nearby overlapping outages with respect to resilience of the power system. We carry out a risk-based assessment using North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Transmission Availability Data System (TADS) for the North American bulk power system (BPS). We found that the quantification of nearby unscheduled outage clusters would improve the response times for operators to readjust the system and provide better resilience still under the standard definition of N-1 security. Finally, we propose future steps to investigate the relationship between clusters of outages and their electrical proximity, in order to improve operator actions in the operation horizon.

scholarly journals Correlation between fundus autofluorescence and visual function in patients with cone-rod dystrophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Kanda ◽  
Takumi Hara ◽  
Ryosuke Fujino ◽  
Keiko Azuma ◽  
Hirotsugu Soga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Imaging

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between autofluorescence (AF) signal measured with ultra-wide field imaging and visual functions in patients with cone-rod dystrophy (CORD). A retrospective chart review was performed for CORD patients. We performed the visual field test and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) measurement and visualized retinal structures with optical coherence tomography (OCT) on the same day. Using binarised FAF images, we identified a low FAF area ratio (LFAR: low FAF/30°). Relationships between age and logMAR visual acuity (VA), central retinal thickness (CRT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), mean deviation (MD) value, and LFAR were investigated. Thirty-seven eyes of 21 CORD patients (8 men and 13 women) were enrolled. The mean patient age was 49.8 years. LogMAR VA and MD were 0.52 ± 0.47 and − 17.91 ± 10.59 dB, respectively. There was a significant relationship between logMAR VA and MD (p = 0.001). LogMAR VA significantly correlated with CRT (p = 0.006) but not with other parameters. Conversely, univariate analysis suggested a significant relationship between MD and LFAR (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, LFAR was significantly associated with MD (p = 0.002). In conclusion, it is useful to measure the low FAF area in patients with CORD. The AF measurement reflects the visual field deterioration but not VA in CORD.

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