Concentration of bat activity in riparian habitats over an elevational gradient

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 972-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Grindal ◽  
J L Morissette ◽  
R M Brigham

Riparian areas are generally assumed to represent important foraging areas for insectivorous bats, but this contention has rarely been formally quantified. To test this assumption, we used bat detectors to compare the relative activity levels of a community of temperate-zone bat species between riparian (lake) and upland (cutblock) habitats at three different elevations (ranging from 540 to 1800 m) in a forested area of southern British Columbia. In addition, we also investigated the sex and age class distributions of bats (based on mist-net captures) between riparian and upland habitats among the elevational zones. Bat activity levels were significantly greater in riparian than upland areas (10 and 40 times greater for foraging and commuting activity, respectively). Capture rates were greater in riparian areas and biased towards females, suggesting that female bats may preferentially select riparian areas, probably because of the abundant prey resources typically associated with this habitat. Captures of females also predominated at lower elevations, whereas males were captured more often in higher elevation zones. Our data support the assumption that riparian habitats represent important foraging and probably drinking areas for bats. The sex bias and differences in capture rates and activity levels need to be considered when designing bat surveys in different habitat types or over elevational gradients.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
R.M. Brigham ◽  
F. Geiser

We evaluated the annual activity cycle of Nytophilus gouldi and N. geoffroyi using 82 nights of mist-netting data from a site near Armidale in northern NSW. Our purpose was to assess whether these bats hibernated or used short bouts of daily torpor combined with foraging on at least some nights. During the cold months of the year (May - August) bat activity levels inferred from net captures was very low providing support for the hypothesis that these bats use daily torpor and at least sometimes actively forage as opposed to entering hibernation.


2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 798-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.W. Pettit ◽  
K.T. Wilkins

Characteristics of edges affect the behavior of species that are active in and near edges. Forest canopies may provide edge-like habitat for bats, though bat response to edge orientation has not been well examined. We sampled bat activity in quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest canopies and edges in Heber Valley, Utah, during summer 2009 using Anabat detectors. Categorization and regression tree (CART) analysis of echolocation characteristics (e.g., frequency, duration) identified two guilds based on characteristic frequency (i.e., high- and low-frequency guilds). We used linear regression to compare characteristics of canopy and edge vegetation (e.g., tree height, diameter at breast height) to bat activity levels. Activity levels of high-frequency bats did not respond differentially to edge vegetation; low-frequency bat activity seemed to respond to canopy height. Activity levels of high-frequency bats were significantly greater than low-frequency bats in both edges and canopies. We detected significantly more bat activity in forest edges than in forest canopies, indicating the importance of edges to bats in forests.


2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Law

The diet of the common blossom bat (Syconycteris australis) was investigated in upland rainforest on the Atherton Tablelands. Faeces or fur pollen samples from 62 S. australis and feeding observations on 5 captive and 10 radio-tagged bats were collected. Syconycteris australis fed on blossoms from at least 18 plant species found in rainforests (plus unidentified species of Loranthaceae), 2 species from non-rainforest communities and from flowers of the cultivated banana (Musa sp.) grown on farms. Rainforest plants included 13 species of trees, 1 shrub and 4 climbers. Myrtaceae was the most important family contributing to the diet of S. australis, particularly the genus Syzygium. The chiropterophilus flower syndrome was only partly useful as a predictor of the diet of S. australis in these forests. Fruit was also eaten, being most common in the diet from late summer to autumn (wet season). Twelve months of mist-netting in riparian and non-riparian rainforest found higher capture rates in riparian rainforest in spring and summer, but not during autumn or winter. It is suggested that the availability of food species (both blossom and fruit) is high in riparian rainforest during spring and summer when S. australis is most frequently caught in this habitat. Efforts to rehabilitate rainforest along degraded creeks should offer a significant conservation benefit to this small pollinator.


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie P. Bunkley ◽  
Christopher J.W. McClure ◽  
Nathan J. Kleist ◽  
Clinton D. Francis ◽  
Jesse R. Barber

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Gründemann ◽  
Yael Bitterman ◽  
Tingjia Lu ◽  
Sabine Krabbe ◽  
Benjamin F. Grewe ◽  
...  

AbstractInternal states, including affective or homeostatic states, are important behavioral motivators. The amygdala is a key brain region involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors, yet how distinct internal states are represented in amygdala circuits is unknown. Here, by imaging somatic neural calcium dynamics in freely moving mice, we identify changes in the relative activity levels of two major, non-overlapping populations of principal neurons in the basal nucleus of the amygdala (BA) that predict switches between exploratory and non-exploratory (defensive, anxiety-like) behavioral states across different environments. Moreover, the amygdala widely broadcasts internal state information via several output pathways to larger brain networks, and sensory responses in BA occur independently of behavioral state encoding. Thus, the brain processes external stimuli and internal states in an orthogonal manner, which may facilitate rapid and flexible selection of appropriate, state-dependent behavioral responses.


2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leeat Keren ◽  
Ora Zackay ◽  
Maya Lotan‐Pompan ◽  
Uri Barenholz ◽  
Erez Dekel ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren V. Austin ◽  
Alexander Silvis ◽  
W. Mark Ford ◽  
Michael Muthersbaugh ◽  
Karen E. Powers

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K. Skagen ◽  
Jeffrey F. Kelly ◽  
Charles van Riper ◽  
Richard L. Hutto ◽  
Deborah M. Finch ◽  
...  

Abstract Migration stopover resources, particularly riparian habitats, are critically important to landbirds migrating across the arid southwestern region of North America. To explore the effects of species biogeography and habitat affinity on spring migration patterns, we synthesized existing bird abundance and capture data collected in riparian habitats of the borderlands region of the U.S. and Mexico. We determined the importance of geographic factors (longitude and latitude) in explaining variation in abundances and capture rates of 32 long-distance and three short-distance migrant species. Abundances and capture rates of 13 and 11 species, respectively, increased with increasing longitude, and four species' abundance and capture rates decreased with increasing longitude. Riparian associates, but not nonriparian species, were more abundant in western sites. Their abundance patterns were only weakly influenced by species biogeography. In contrast, biogeography did influence abundance patterns of nonriparian birds, suggesting that they choose the shortest, most direct route between wintering and breeding areas. We hypothesize that riparian obligate birds may, to some degree, adjust their migration routes to maximize time spent in high-quality riparian zones, but they are able to find suitable habitat opportunistically when crossing more hostile landscapes. In contrast, nonriparian birds adhere more closely to a hierarchical model in which the migratory route is determined by biogeographic constraints. Conservation of riparian habitats is necessary to meet future habitat stopover requirements of many western Neotropical migrant birds. We advocate a coordinated research effort to further elucidate patterns of distribution and habitat use so that conservation activities can be focused effectively. Geografía de la Migración de Primavera de Aves Terrestres a Través de Hábitats Riparios en el Sudoeste de Norteamérica Resumen. Los recursos que sirven como paradas migratorias, especialmente los hábitats riparios, son críticamente importantes para las aves migratorias terrestres a través de la región árida del sudoeste de Norteamérica. Para explorar los efectos de la biogeografía de las especies y la afinidad de hábitat sobre los patrones de migración de primavera, sintetizamos los datos existentes de abundancia y capturas de aves colectados en hábitats riparios en la zona fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México. Determinamos la importancia de factores geográficos (latitud y longitud) en explicar la variación en las abundancias y en las tasas de captura de 32 especies migratorias de larga distancia y 3 de corta distancia. Las abundancias y tasas de captura de 13 y 11 especies, respectivamente, aumentaron con el aumento de la longitud, y cuatro especies mostraron una disminución con el aumento de la longitud. Las aves asociadas a los ambientes riparios fueron más abundantes en los sitios del oeste que las especies no riparias, y su abundancia sólo se vio levemente influenciada por la biogeografía de las especies. De modo contrastante, la biogeografía sí influenció los patrones de abundancia de las especies de aves no riparias, lo que sugiere que éstas escogieron la ruta más corta y directa entre las áreas de invernada y de reproducción. Proponemos la hipótesis de que las aves de hábitat ripario obligatorias pueden, hasta cierto grado, ajustar sus rutas migratorias para maximizar el tiempo en zonas riparias de alta calidad, pero también son capaces de encontrar hábitats adecuados de manera oportunista al cruzar paisajes más hostiles. De modo contrastante, las aves no riparias se adhieren más cercanamente a un modelo jerárquico en el cual la ruta migratoria es determinada por restricciones biogeográficas. La conservación de los hábitats riparios es necesaria para cumplir los requerimientos futuros de las paradas durante la migración de muchas aves migratorias Neotropicales del oeste. Abogamos por un esfuerzo de investigación coordinado para elucidar los patrones de distribución y de uso de hábitat de manera que las actividades para la conservación puedan ser enfocadas de manera eficiente.


Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia A. Hawley ◽  
R. A. Norman ◽  
Celeste J. Brown ◽  
Winifred W. Doane ◽  
Wyatt W. Anderson ◽  
...  

The Amylase locus in Drosophila melanogaster normally contains two copies of the structural gene for α-amylase, a centromere-proximal copy, Amy-p, and a distal copy, Amy-d. Products of the two genes may display discrete electrophoretic mobilities, but many strains known to carry the Amy duplication are characterized by a single amylase electromorph, e.g., Oregon-R, which produces the mobility variant AMY-1. A transient expression assay was used in somatic transformation experiments to test the functional status of the Amy genes from an Oregon-R strain. Plasmid constructs containing either the proximal or distal copy were tested in amylase-null hosts. Both genes produced a functional AMY-1 isozyme. Constructs were tested against an AMY-3 reference activity produced by a coinjected plasmid that contains the Amy-d3 allele from a Canton-S strain. With reference to the internal control, the Amy-p and Amy-d genes from Oregon-R expressed different relative activity levels for AMY-1 in transient assays. The transient expression assay was successfully used to test the functional status of, Amy-homologous sequences from strains of other species of Drosophila characterized by a single amylase electromorph, namely, Drosophila pseudoobscura ST and Drosophila miranda S 204. The amylase-null strain of D. melanogaster provided the hosts for these interspecific somatic transformation experiments.Key words: α-amylase, Amy, transient assay, gene duplication, intergenic transformation.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ela Sita Carpenter

In North America, bats are a taxon of concern that play an important role in insect control, and their response to urbanization varies. I wanted to discover if evaluating environmental and socioeconomic variables present in an urban landscape can help determine what bat species were present and how active these species were. Research occurred in Baltimore, Maryland, a 'shrinking' city in the eastern US, which had no prior research on the bat community. For my first project, I used active acoustic monitoring to evaluate how bat activity levels (amount of detected acoustic sequences) and the bat community varied along both a direct and indirect rural to urban gradient. Nine sites along the Gwynns Falls watershed in Baltimore County and City were used the gradient. Over 1,500 sequences (detection files) were recorded from six species and I found that the direct and indirect measures of urbanization gradient used are not a predictor of bat presence and activity. For my next project I used passive acoustic monitoring to record bat activity at 32 vacant lots within Baltimore City to determine which environmental and socioeconomic variables best predict bat species richness and activity at these small, informal, understudied urban greenspaces. Environmental and socioeconomic data was obtained using on-site measures, GIS, and US Census data. There were no predictors for overall species richness. Canopy-associated measures at both the site and neighborhood scale, streetlights, site distance from water and the urban core, residential race and income, old housing, and rental housing were all common predictors of bat species' activity levels. Species relationships with these predictors varied and some species had additional predictors, suggesting that bats use the urban landscape to different degrees. Some larger lots could potentially be managed to have vegetation structural complexity (allowing both canopy cover and open space to accommodate bat species with different traits), but many lots are too small to do this. Vacant lots closer to water and larger patches of forests have the most potential to be managed for bats.


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