Effects of sex composition of the litter on anogenital distance in California mice (Peromyscus californicus)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Cantoni ◽  
Olivier Glaizot ◽  
Richard E Brown
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Sex Composition ◽  
Anogenital Distance ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Peromyscus Californicus ◽  
Large Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
California Mice

Anogenital distance (AGD) is longer in male than in female neonatal rodents, but can be altered by the prenatal environment. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of the sex composition of the litter on AGD in a species with a small litter size. We found that the AGD distributions of male and female California mice, Peromyscus californicus, overlap before weaning (33 days of age), but after weaning, males have a larger AGD than females. Because AGD is significantly correlated with body mass in both males and females, we analyzed the effect of the sex composition of the litter on AGD, using ANCOVA on logarithmically transformed data, with the logarithm of body mass as the covariate. We showed that the sex composition of the litter does not affect AGD in males but has an effect on the AGD in females at birth and this effect is significant at 33 days of age. Females from litters composed of more than 75% males had a longer AGD than those born in litters composed principally of females. This study shows that intrauterine litter composition affects AGD in females of a species characterized by small litter sizes, as has been shown in rodent species with large litter sizes. Thus, AGD can be used as a predictor of masculinization of females due to intrauterine position.

Blocking olfactory input alters aggression in male and female California mice ( Peromyscus californicus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet K. Bester‐Meredith ◽  
Jennifer N. Burns ◽  
Minh N. Dang ◽  
Alexandrea M. Garcia ◽  
Grace E. Mammarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male And Female ◽  
Peromyscus Californicus ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
California Mice

scholarly journals Effects of litter size and subsequent gold-thioglucose-induced obesity on adipose tissue weight, distribution and cellularity in male and female mice: an age study

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Roberts ◽  
Frances M. Whittington ◽  
Michael Enser
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Gold Thioglucose ◽  
Large Litter

1. Over- or undernutrition of newborn mice was caused by suckling in litters consisting initially of four or eighteen pups. After weaning mice were fed ad lib. At 13 weeks of age some mice from large litters received gold thioglucose (GTG: 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally) to induce hyperphagia, and mice were killed at 13, 19·5, 26, 39 and 52 weeks.2. Total carcass lipid and the size and number of adipocytes in the inguinal subcutaneous, genital, perirenal and mesenteric depots were determined.3. Mice, both male and female, raised in small litters were heavier and had more carcass fat at all ages than mice raised in large litters. After GTG-treatment mice from large litters were heavier and fatter than mice raised in small litters.4. Fat distribution between the depots was related to carcass lipid content and not to treatment. The order of depot development was subcutaneous, parametrial, perirenal and mesenteric in females and epididymal, subcutaneous, perirenal and mesenteric in males. At 13 weeks the depots in males were more developed than those in females.5. Litter size had no effect on adipocyte volume in female mice at 13 weeks but by 52 weeks small-litter mice had larger cells in all depots and more cells in the parametrial and perirenal depots.6. Male mice from small litters had bigger cells at 13 weeks in all depots compared with males from large litters but by 52 weeks no significant differences remained. Greater numbers of cells were present only in the perirenal and mesenteric depots of small-litter males at some ages.7. Depots of GTG-treated large-litter female mice had larger cells than those of small-litter females, while a similar number of cells was found by 52 weeks in all but the perirenal depot, which had significantly more cells.8. GTG treatment of male mice from large litters also caused bigger cells than in small-litter mice, and an increased depot cell number at earlier ages in all but the epididymal depot. By 52 weeks cell numbers were similar in depots from small-litter and GTG-treated large-litter mice, except for the epididymal depot from the latter which had fewer cells.9. Increases in cell numbers with age in different depots occurred independently of existing cell mean volume and even of tissue growth, suggesting the presence of an in-built chronology, at least in older mice.10. We suppose that the differences in response to the level of preweaning nutrition in males and females result from a greater effect on the hypothalamic appetite centre in the latter. Whereas the cellular changes in large-litter males occur in the late-developing depots and are reversed naturally with time, those in the large-litter females are more extensive and require induction of hyperphagia for reversal.

scholarly journals Hypothalamic transcriptomic alterations in male and female California mice (Peromyscus californicus) developmentally exposed to bisphenol A or ethinyl estradiol

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. e13133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Johnson ◽  
William G. Spollen ◽  
Lindsey K. Manshack ◽  
Nathan J. Bivens ◽  
Scott A. Givan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Peromyscus Californicus ◽  
California Mice

scholarly journals Simulating antler growth and energy, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in caribou

Rangifer ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Moen ◽  
John Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Antler Growth ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

We added antler growth and mineral metabolism modules to a previously developed energetics model for ruminants to simulate energy and mineral balance of male and female caribou throughout an annual cycle. Body watet, fat, protein, and ash are monitored on a daily time step, and energy costs associated with reproduction and body mass changes are simulated. In order to simulate antler growth, we had to predict calcium and phosphorus metabolism as it is affected by antler growth, gestation, and lactation. We used data on dietary digestibility, protein, calcium and phosphorus content, and seasonal patterns in body mass to predict the energy, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus balances of a "generic" male and female caribou. Antler growth in males increased energy requirements during antler growth by 8 to 16%, depending on the efficiency with which energy was used for antler growth. Female energy requirements for antler growth were proportionately much smaller because of the smaller size of female antlers. Protein requirements for antler growth in both males and females were met by forage intake. Calcium and phosphorus must be resorbed from bone during peak antler growth in males, when > 25 g/day of calcium and > 12 g/day of phosphorus are being deposited in antlers. Females are capable of meeting calcium needs during antler growth without bone resorption, but phosphorus was resorbed from bone during the final stages of antler mineralization. After energy, phosphorus was most likely to limit growth of antlers for both males and females in our simulations. Input parameters can be easily changed to represent caribou from specific geographic regions in which dietary nutrient content or body mass patterns differ from those in our "generic" caribou. The model can be used to quantitatively analyze the evolutionary basis for development of antlers in female caribou, and the relationship between body mass and antler size in the Cervidae.

scholarly journals Differences in gene expression and variable splicing events of ovaries between large and small litter size in Chinese Xiang pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueqin Ran ◽  
Fengbin Hu ◽  
Ning Mao ◽  
Yiqi Ruan ◽  
Fanli Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Steroid Biosynthesis ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Large Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Capability

Abstract Background Although lots of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes present roles in litter size of some breeds, the information might not make it clear for the huge diversity of reproductive capability in pig breeds. To elucidate the inherent mechanisms of heterogeneity of reproductive capability in litter size of Xiang pig, we performed transcriptome analysis for the expression profile in ovaries using RNA-seq method. Results We identified 1,419 up-regulated and 1,376 down-regulated genes in Xiang pigs with large litter size. Among them, 1,010 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were differently spliced between two groups with large or small litter sizes. Based on GO and KEGG analysis, numerous members of genes were gathered in ovarian steroidogenesis, steroid biosynthesis, oocyte maturation and reproduction processes. Conclusions Combined with gene biological function, twelve genes were found out that might be related with the reproductive capability of Xiang pig, of which, eleven genes were recognized as hub genes. These genes may play a role in promoting litter size by elevating steroid and peptide hormones supply through the ovary and facilitating the processes of ovulation and in vivo fertilization.

Impact of COVID-19 on School-Aged Male and Female Health-Related Fitness Markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Zachary Wahl-Alexander ◽  
Clayton L. Camic
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Run Test ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Coronavirus disease 2019 on male and female anthropometric variables and physical performance. Methods: This study utilized a mixed (time [PRE vs POST], gender [male vs female]) methods design to examine changes in the body mass index and physical fitness performance measures prior to and following closures. Data were collected from 264 third through eighth graders. This sample consisted of 131 males and 133 females. The data was collected through anthropometric (body mass index) and physical performance measures and was analyzed with separate 2 × 2 mixed-factorial analyses of variance (time [PRE, POST] × gender [male, female]). Results: The findings indicated both males and females exhibited mean increases in the body mass index (+10.6%; 18.8–20.8 kg·m−2, P < .001, partial η2 = .627) and decreases in push-ups (−35.6%; 7.3–4.7 repetitions, P < .001, partial η2 = .371), sit-ups (−19.4%; 22.7–18.3 repetitions, P < .001, partial η2 = .420), and the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test (−26.7%; 31.4–22.4 laps, P < .001, partial η2 = .644) scores from PRE to POST. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that both males and females exhibited significant anthropometric and physical performance losses during the Coronavirus disease 2019 shutdown.

scholarly journals Early genistein exposure of California mice and effects on the gut microbiota–brain axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 242 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittney L Marshall ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Michelle J Farrington ◽  
Jiude Mao ◽  
William G Helferich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Perinatal Exposure ◽  
Communicative Behaviors ◽  
Peromyscus Californicus ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
California Mice

Human offspring encounter high amounts of phytoestrogens, such as genistein (GEN), through maternal diet and soy-based formulas. Such chemicals can exert estrogenic activity and thereby disrupt neurobehavioral programming. Besides inducing direct host effects, GEN might cause gut dysbiosis and alter gut metabolites. To determine whether exposure to GEN affects these parameters, California mice (Peromyscus californicus) dams were placed 2 weeks prior to breeding and throughout gestation and lactation on a diet supplemented with GEN (250 mg/kg feed weight) or AIN93G phytoestrogen-free control diet (AIN). At weaning, offspring socio-communicative behaviors, gut microbiota and metabolite profiles were assayed. Exposure of offspring to GEN-induced sex-dependent changes in gut microbiota and metabolites. GEN exposed females were less likely to investigate a novel female mouse when tested in a three-chamber social test. When isolated, GEN males and females exhibited increased latency to elicit their first call, suggestive of reduced motivation to communicate with other individuals. Correlation analyses revealed interactions between GEN-induced microbiome, metabolome and socio-communicative behaviors. Comparison of GEN males with AIN males revealed the fraction of calls above 20 kHz was associated with daidzein, α-tocopherol, Flexispira spp. and Odoribacter spp. Results suggest early GEN exposure disrupts normal socio-communicative behaviors in California mice, which are otherwise evident in these social rodents. Such effects may be due to GEN disruptions on neural programming but might also be attributed to GEN-induced microbiota shifts and resultant changes in gut metabolites. Findings indicate cause for concern that perinatal exposure to GEN may detrimentally affect the offspring microbiome–gut–brain axis.

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