Differences in attachment of water mites on water boatmen: further evidence of differential parasitism and possible exclusion of a host from part of its potential range

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 824-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMR Bennett ◽  
GGE Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Water Mites ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Differential Parasitism ◽  
Water Boatmen

This paper is the latest study on the distribution of two sympatric species of water boatmen in saline lakes in British Columbia. It is a further examination of a study by Smith, who found that parasitic water mites have higher prevalence and abundance on Cenocorixa expleta than on C. bifida. He hypothesized that this is one of the main factors responsible for the small populations of C. expleta in lakes below 13 000 µS · cm-1. We performed laboratory experiments with the mite Eylais euryhalina on two different wing morphs of the two host species. Over 8 days, we found higher prevalence and abundance of mites on the predominant, flight-incapable morph of C. expleta than on the predominant, flight-capable morph of C. bifida. Eylais euryhalina attached over most of the abdominal terga of C. expleta, but generally attached only to the permanently non-sclerotized thoracico-abdominal membrane of C. bifida. Infecting both wing morphs of both species showed that locations of mite attachment differed according to the wing morph and the associated differences in sclerotization, whereas the effect of species was equivocal. We hypothesize that a factor in C. expleta's exclusion is the greater potential mite-attachment area of its predominant, unsclerotized morph.

Effects of food, kinship, and density on the longevity of spiderlings

2021 ◽  
pp. 741-751
Author(s):  
Marta Luciane Fischer ◽  
Lays Cherobim Parolin ◽  
Felipe Marcel Neves ◽  
German Antonio Villanueva-Bonilla ◽  
João Vasconellos-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Behavioral Characteristic ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Conspecific Tolerance ◽  
Loxosceles Laeta

Cannibalism is a behavioral characteristic found in a wide variety of animal groups. Although the rates of cannibalism can vary from one group to another, studies indicate that the main factors contributing to an increase in the frequency of such behavior are the availability of food, population density, the behavior and availability of victims, and environmental stress. We carried out different laboratory experiments to assess whether different factors such as the presence or absence of food among siblings and non-siblings, and at different densities among conspecific and heterospecific individuals, affect longevity of recently emerged Brazilian brown recluse (Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão, 1934) and Chilean recluse (Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet, 1849)) spiderlings during periods of starvation. The results revealed that the survivorship of L. laeta during starvation was significantly higher than that of L. intermedia and that the addition of conspecific individuals increased survival rates by 1.5- and 1.6-fold, respectively. The tolerance of conspecifics differed between the two species, and generally, cannibalism was not observed, probably due to the risk of predation and limited consumption by weakened spiders, which coincided with the continued availability of endogenous vitelline reserves, thus indicating that the use of these spiderlings as a food resource may act to regulate starvation in more resistant spiders. The greater longevity and conspecific tolerance of L. laeta may be important factors contributing to the establishment of large populations of this spider in restricted areas, whereas for L. intermedia, hunger probably functions as a trigger for dispersal.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Influence of Host Species, Age, and Thallus Part on Kelp-Associated Diatoms

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Ntambwe Albert Serge Mayombo ◽  
Roksana Majewska ◽  
Albertus J. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Diatom Community ◽  
Kelp Species ◽  
Diatom Communities ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Defence Strategies ◽  
Diatom Community Composition ◽  
Scanning Electron

Diatom community composition and abundances on different thallus parts of adult and juvenile specimens of Eckloniamaxima and Laminariapallida were examined in False Bay, South Africa, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Altogether, 288 thallus portions were analysed. Diatom abundances ranged from 0 to 404 cells mm−2 and were generally higher on E. maxima and juvenile thalli than L. pallida and adult specimens. Moreover, diatom abundances differed between the various thallus parts, being highest on the upper blade and lowest on the primary blade. A total of 48 diatom taxa belonging to 28 genera were found. Gomphoseptatum Medlin, Nagumoea Witkowski and Kociolek, Cocconeis Ehrenberg, and Navicula Bory were the most frequently occurring genera, being present in 84%, 65%, 62.5%, and 45% of the analysed samples, respectively. Among these, Cocconeis and Gomphoseptatum were the most abundant, contributing 50% and 27% of total diatom cells counted collectively across all samples. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed that all investigated main factors (kelp species and age and thallus part), as well as their two- and three-way interactions, except for the interaction between the host species and age, were significant. The high residual variance (72%) indicated that the sum of other unexamined factors contributed the largest component of the variation observed in the kelp-associated diatom communities, and grazing and possible defence strategies utilised by kelps are proposed as processes playing an important role in the structuring of epiphytic diatom communities. Possible endophytism of tissue-boring diatoms colonizing both kelp species is briefly discussed.

Establishment of the peanut bruchid (Caryedon serratus) in Australia and two new host species, Cassia brewsteri and C. tomentella

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Cunningham ◽  
K. B. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
New Host ◽  
Caryedon Serratus ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Combined Data ◽  
New Host Species

The distribution of Caryedon serratus, the peanut (groundnut) bruchid, on 2 Australian native plants, Cassia brewsteri and C. tomentella, was documented over 2 years. Caryedon serratus was observed across the central and northern parts of the range of C. brewsteri (latitudes 19.258–24.140˚S) and at least part of the range of C. tomentella (as far as 24.427˚S). Seed loss to C. serratus in these species assessed across all collection sites was 40 ± 8.0% (mean ± s.e.). Where the bruchid was detected at a given site, 72 ± 8.6% of pods on 71 ± 8.5% of trees were affected. Additional distribution points and other potential host species from previous C. serratus collections in the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) are reported. The combined data were used to predict a potential range for the bruchid across the dry tropics of Australia. No reports of migration to cultivated or stored peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Australia were located. Further investigation of the potential impact of this bruchid on the Australian peanut industry is recommended. A potentially beneficial aspect of C. serratus establishment may be the biological control of Acacia nilotica (prickly acacia) in Australia.

scholarly journals Attraction to conspecifcs in Rhinella icterica and R. ornata tadpoles (Anura: Bufonidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Polettini Neto ◽  
Jaime Bertoluci
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Innate Behavior

Abstract: Tadpoles are able to perceive and discriminate signals from environment and they may use this ability in behaviors and ecological processes. Recognition mechanisms may be involved in schooling by means of attraction among individuals, characterizing a social process. By means of laboratory experiments the present study investigated the presence or absence of attraction to conspecifics in tadpoles of Rhinella icterica and R. ornata, two sympatric species from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. We collected eggs of these two species in the field and reared them in laboratory according to two different methods (isolated or in groups of siblings). Tadpoles were submitted to experiments of choice between conspecifics, heterospecifics, and an empty compartment. Rhinella icterica tadpoles preferred to associate with conspecifics rather than R. ornata tadpoles, and we verified this is an innate behavior. Rhinella ornata tadpoles failed to discriminate between conspecifics and R. icterica tadpoles. When submitted to choice between a group of tadpoles of the other species and an empty compartment, R. icterica tadpoles presented random distribution, while R. ornata tadpoles preferred to associate with heterospecifics. Our results indicate R. icterica tadpoles have preference to associate with conspecifics, while R. ornata tadpoles may school indiscriminately. This study contributes for a better understanding of larval anuran social behavior.

The Main Factors of Uranium Accumulation in the Ishim Plain Saline Lakes (Western Siberia)

2018 ◽  
Vol 479 (2) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Vladimirov ◽  
S. K. Krivonogov ◽  
A. V. Karpov ◽  
I. V. Nikolaeva ◽  
L. I. Razvorotneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Uranium Accumulation ◽  
Main Factors

Taxonomic amendments of Southeast Asian newt species of the genera Pachytriton, Paramesotriton and Laotriton (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae) parasitized by water mites of the subgenus Lurchibates (Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae, Hygrobates)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4768 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
KANTO NISHIKAWA ◽  
TOM GOLDSCHMIDT ◽  
SHIMPEI F. HIRUTA ◽  
SATOSHI SHIMANO
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Water Mites ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Species List ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Initial Description ◽  
Host Parasite

Hygrobates salamandrarum Goldschmidt, Gerecke and Alberti, 2002 (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) is the first-known water mite parasitizing adult newts. After its description, three further species of newt-parasitizing mites were described and the subgenus Lurchibates Goldschmidt and Fu, 2011 was proposed for the group, now containing four newt-parasitizing mites. Until now, each water mite species parasitizes a different newt species (Table 1), suggesting possible mite-newt co-speciation. In order to test this hypothesis, we need an accurate taxonomy of both of the hosts and parasites. However, the taxonomy of those Asian newt genera known to be parasitized by Lurchibates mites has been substantially revised after the initial description of the H. salamandrarum. To account for these taxonomic changes, we here revise the host-parasite species list and amend the host species name as shown in Table 1. 

scholarly journals Sustainability of denitrifying bioreactors with various fill media

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 442-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malá Jitka ◽  
Bílková Zuzana ◽  
Hrich Karel ◽  
Schrimpelová Kateřina ◽  
Kriška Michal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Nitrogen losses from utilised agricultural areas are responsible for water quality degradation and eutrophication. Denitrifying bioreactors can be used to reduce high nitrate concentrations in agricultural runoff in situ. The main factors affecting their function are the bioreactor fill medium and process parameters such as hydraulic retention time, temperature and inlet concentration of nitrates. The paper presents the results of laboratory experiments achieved with bioreactors filled with eight different wood-based materials, namely mulch, a mixture of spruce and pine sawdust, a mixture of pine and larch bark, and chips made of oak, poplar, larch, beech, and spruce wood. A sustainability index was used to assess the impact of the bioreactor on the environment. The best results were shown by beech, mulch and poplar and were achieved with hydraulic retention times 1.6–0.7–2.2 days, respectively, and inlet NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N concentration of 43.1 mg/L.

Aggression and territoriality among sympatric western plethodontid salamanders

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 901-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristiina Ovaska
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Plethodontid Salamanders

Territoriality has been documented among plethodontid salamanders in eastern North America, but aggressive interactions among western plethodontids are largely unknown. I examined the responses of three sympatric western Plethodon species (P. vehiculum, P. dunni, and P. vandykei) toward conspecific and congeneric salamanders in two laboratory experiments. In experiment 1, I investigated intra- and inter-specific aggression by the three species, and in experiment 2, I examined aggression and dispersion of the salamanders when fed either a high or a low level of food. In experiment 1, P. dunni were more aggressive than P. vehiculum and P. vandykei, which rarely bit their opponents. In experiment 2, two different food levels had no detectable effect on the aggressiveness of residents. Resident P. dunni (males, females, and juveniles) were equally likely to bite conspecific and congeneric salamanders introduced into their cages. However, their dispersion under cover objects was uniform (suggesting territoriality) only in pairings between conspecific individuals. In contrast, P. vehiculum showed little aggression and were randomly dispersed under cover objects. The variety of responses exhibited by the three sympatric species toward conspecific and congeneric salamanders suggests that their populations are only superficially similar in ecology and may be subjected to different intensities of intraspecific competition.

CONSTANCY OF STYLOSTOME FORM IN TWO WATER MITE SPECIES

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmine A. Lanciani ◽  
Bruce P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Water Mites ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Anopheles Quadrimaculatus ◽  
Constant Dark

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that the stylostome of parasitic larval water mites of the genus Arrenurus Dugès is a product of the mite, not the host. We tested this hypothesis by comparing stylostomes of the similar species Arrenurus novimarshallae Wilson and Arrenurus pseudotenuicollis Wilson formed in each of two mosquito species, Anopheles crucians Wiedemann and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say: if the stylostome is produced by the mite, not the host, then stylostome form is likely to be constant in different host species parasitized by the mite.The stylostome of A. pseudotenuicollis is a short, broad, convoluted sac, and stylostomes within the two host species did not differ significantly. The stylostome of A. novimarshallae is a long, thin, convoluted tube, and although it was significantly smaller in A. quadrimaculatus than in A. crucians, its form remained constant. Dark pigment deposits around the stylostome’s attachment point and along the tube may represent host defense that reduces stylostome growth in A. quadrimaculatus. Laboratory-reared A. novimarshallae often die after a brief engorgement period on A. quadrimaculatus but not on A. crucians.Thus, the stylostome of these two mite species has a consistent form in each of two host species, an observation compatible with the hypothesis that the stylostome is a product of the mite. In addition, the ease of distinguishing these two mite species on the basis of stylostome morphology attests to the potential value of the stylostome as a taxonomic character.

Parasitism of Odonata by Arrenurus (Acari: Hydrachnidia) larvae in the Lake Świdwie, nature reserve (NW Poland)

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Zawal ◽  
Paweł Buczyński
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Mites ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Nw Poland

AbstractLarvae of a vast majority of water mite species are parasites of aquatic insects. Owing to this, they migrate to new localities, and are able to survive unfavourable environmental conditions. This also concerns species from subgenus Arrenurus s. str., parasites of dragonflies. The detailed analysis of this phenomenon, however, has only been possible in the last several years, since the key to the identification of larvae from genus Arrenurus Dug. was published. In 2010, the parasitism of Arrenurus s. str. larvae on dragonflies in the Lake Świdwie reserve (NW Poland) was analysed. Larvae of 9 species of water mites were recorded on 107 imagines of dragonflies from 8 species. The following were identified as hosts of water mites for the first time: Anax imperator, Libellula quadrimaculata, and Leucorrhinia caudalis. The highest prevalence occurred in the case of: Erythromma najas and Lestes dryas (100%), Coenagrion pulchellum (96.5%), and C. puella (80.0%). Coenagrion pulchellum was infested by 9 species of parasites, C. puella by 6, and Erythromma najas and Lestes dryas by three species. The highest number of host species occurred in the case of Arrenurus maculator (5); followed by A. cuspidator, A. batillifer cf., A. bicuspidator, and A. tetracyphus (3 each); A. papillator, A. tricuspidator, and A. bruzelii (2 each), and A. claviger (1). Differentiation of preferences of particular parasites towards various parts of the host body was observed, probably related to the coevolution of parasites and hosts, and competition between the host species. The body sizes of the parasites suggest that approximately 50% of body size growth of water mites from subgenus Arrenurus s. str. occurs at the stage of parasitic larva.

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