Interspecific aggression and spatial relationships in the salamanders Plethodon kentucki and Plethodon glutinosus: evidence of interspecific interference competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A Marvin
Keyword(s):  
Interference Competition ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Small Cover ◽  
Plethodon Glutinosus ◽  
Plethodontid Salamanders ◽  
Range Overlap

Competitive interactions among widely sympatric species of terrestrial plethodontid salamanders have received little attention. I investigated whether interspecific interference competition for space occurs between one such pair of species, Plethodon kentucki and P. glutinosus. Encounters between heterospecific adults in the laboratory resulted in aggressive interactions as often as did encounters between conspecific adults. However, intense aggression (bite-holds) occurred more often during pairings between conspecifics, indicating that interference competition is greater among individuals of the same species. Plethodon glutinosus was dominant more often than P. kentucki during encounters with heterospecifics in the laboratory. During a second laboratory experiment, both species preferentially used large cover sites in single-species control groups, whereas P. kentucki used small cover sites significantly more often in mixed-species experimental groups, indicating competitive exclusion of P. kentucki by the larger P. glutinosus. In natural habitats, individuals of both species were usually found alone under cover objects, and the extent of home-range overlap did not differ between conspecifics and heterospecifics. My results indicate that these species compete for space and defend territories against heterospecifics as well as conspecifics. Greater intraspecific than interspecific interference competition may permit coexistence if the former is more important in limiting the population growth of each species.

The spatial distribution and fecundity of sympatric species ofDiplostomum(subclass Digenea) in single-species and mixed-species infections in the intestine of the Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 669-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Rose Lapierre ◽  
Marilyn E. Scott ◽  
J. Daniel McLaughlin ◽  
David J. Marcogliese
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Linear Span ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Spatial Displacement ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Larus Delawarensis ◽  
Intestinal Segments

Interactions between parasite species may influence their distribution and abundance within communities. Experimental single-species infections of Diplostomum spp. in the gut of the definitive host, the Ringed-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815), were compared with mixed-species infections to explore interactions among parasites. Three species of Diplostomum von Nordmann, 1832 (Digenea), designated as Diplostomum sp. 1, Diplostomum sp. 4, and Diplostomum baeri Dubois, 1937, were examined for intestinal distribution and fecundity in single and mixed infections. In single-species infections, most specimens of Diplostomum sp. 1 and D. baeri were recovered from the mid-region of the intestine, whereas Diplostomum sp. 4 were mainly present in the anterior region. Significant spatial displacement was observed only for D. baeri when Diplostomum sp. 1 was also present. Intensity was directly correlated to the number of occupied intestinal segments, and there was no significant difference in mean linear span for each species between single-species and mixed-species infections. Diplostomum sp. 4 had the highest mean number of eggs per worm in utero in single-species infections. In mixed-species infections, the fecundity of Diplostomum sp. 4 declined dramatically in the presence of Diplostomum sp. 1, whereas fecundity of Diplostomum sp. 1 increased in the presence of D. baeri. These results highlight interspecific interactions that may play a role in population dynamics of Diplostomum spp. and community structure.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

From single-species advice to mixed-species management: taking the next step

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1398-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Vinther ◽  
Stuart A. Reeves ◽  
Kenneth R. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Recent Approach ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Management Advice ◽  
Management Priorities

Abstract Fishery management advice has traditionally been given on a stock-by-stock basis. Recent problems in implementing this advice, particularly for the demersal fisheries of the North Sea, have highlighted the limitations of the approach. In the long term, it would be desirable to give advice that accounts for mixed-fishery effects, but in the short term there is a need for approaches to resolve the conflicting management advice for different species within the same fishery, and to generate catch or effort advice that accounts for the mixed-species nature of the fishery. This paper documents a recent approach used to address these problems. The approach takes the single-species advice for each species in the fishery as a starting point, then attempts to resolve it into consistent catch or effort advice using fleet-disaggregated catch forecasts in combination with explicitly stated management priorities for each stock. Results are presented for the groundfish fisheries of the North Sea, and these show that the development of such approaches will also require development of the ways in which catch data are collected and compiled.

scholarly journals POPULATION ECOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN SLIMY SALAMANDER (PLETHODON GLUTINOSUS) IN EAST-CENTRAL ILLINOIS

2015 ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
John A. Crawford ◽  
Andrew R. Kuhns ◽  
Mathys J. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Ecosystem Integrity ◽  
East Central ◽  
Plethodon Glutinosus ◽  
Capture Success ◽  
Plethodontid Salamanders ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Central Illinois

The importance of plethodontid salamanders in forested habitats has been recognized for decades and more recently plethodontids have been touted as a model taxon for monitoring ecosystem integrity and recovery. However, basic demographic data that are crucial to conservation and management plans are currently lacking for many species and regions. The objectives of our study were to characterize the population density, biomass, and capture success of a peripheral population of Plethodon glutinosus to provide a comparison for eastern populations and set a baseline for future monitoring of Midwestern populations. We estimated the population density of P. glutinosus at our site to be 0.41 salamanders/m2, with an estimated biomass of 0.70 g/m2. We did not find any evidence for temperature or precipitation affecting capture success. Our results showed that our density estimate falls within the range of other population ecology studies of Plethodon and sets a baseline for other peripheral Midwestern populations.

scholarly journals Estimation of the relative abundance of species in artificial mixtures of insects using low-coverage shotgun metagenomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Garrido-Sanz ◽  
Miquel Àngel Senar ◽  
Josep Piñol
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Advanced Degree ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Species List ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Low Coverage

Amplicon metabarcoding is an established technique to analyse the taxonomic composition of communities of organisms using high-throughput DNA sequencing, but there are doubts about its ability to quantify the relative proportions of the species, as opposed to the species list. Here, we bypass the enrichment step and avoid the PCR-bias, by directly sequencing the extracted DNA using shotgun metagenomics. This approach is common practice in prokaryotes, but not in eukaryotes, because of the low number of sequenced genomes of eukaryotic species. We tested the metagenomics approach using insect species whose genome is already sequenced and assembled to an advanced degree. We shotgun-sequenced, at low-coverage, 18 species of insects in 22 single-species and 6 mixed-species libraries and mapped the reads against 110 reference genomes of insects. We used the single-species libraries to calibrate the process of assignation of reads to species and the libraries created from species mixtures to evaluate the ability of the method to quantify the relative species abundance. Our results showed that the shotgun metagenomic method is easily able to set apart closely-related insect species, like four species of Drosophila included in the artificial libraries. However, to avoid the counting of rare misclassified reads in samples, it was necessary to use a rather stringent detection limit of 0.001, so species with a lower relative abundance are ignored. We also identified that approximately half the raw reads were informative for taxonomic purposes. Finally, using the mixed-species libraries, we showed that it was feasible to quantify with confidence the relative abundance of individual species in the mixtures.

scholarly journals Mixed community biofilms and microbially influenced corrosion

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Marsili ◽  
Staffan Kjelleberg ◽  
Scott A Rice
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Metal Corrosion ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Microbial Biofilms ◽  
Microbially Influenced Corrosion ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Mixed Community

Metals are used in most marine infrastructures for energy extraction and production. Metal corrosion is a serious concern, due to the environmental, safety, and replacement costs associated with it. Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) contributes to the overall corrosion process, through several chemical, electrochemical and biochemical mechanisms, particularly in the presence of microbial biofilms. In this short article, we discuss briefly recent advances in MIC research, comparing corrosion in single species and mixed species biofilms, and outline possible strategies for biofilm and corrosion control.

Plant Growth Regulators Suppress Established Orchard Sod and Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Population

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Miller ◽  
B. Joe Eldridge
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grass Growth

Several plant growth regulators applied to established sod driveways in an apple orchard suppressed growth of the ground cover sufficiently to eliminate one to three mowings. MH at 4.5 or 6.7 kg ai/ha applied spring and fall reduced the growth of a single species sod cover crop, ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue, the year after treatment. MH at both rates also reduced the dandelion population growing in the mixed species orchard sod. Paclobutrazol or EPTC applied in the spring before or during initial grass growth reduced dry matter production in the fescue sod cover crop and the number of mowings compared to the mowed and non-mowed control plots.

Detection of two cryptic taxa in Meristogenys amoropalamus (Amphibia, Ranidae) through nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1843 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMOHIKO SHIMADA ◽  
MASAFUMI MATSUI ◽  
PAUL YAMBUN ◽  
MAKLARIN LAKIM ◽  
MARYATI MOHAMED
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
Deep Coalescence ◽  
Pomc Gene ◽  
Cryptic Taxa ◽  
Rag 1

We identified three distinct sympatric lineages of frogs among specimens previously considered a single species (Meris- togenys amoropalamus Matsui), based on 909 bp of mitochondrial DNA (12S rRNA and cytochrome b). To seek evidence of reproductive isolation between these lineages, we first analyzed a 249-bp fragment of the nuclear proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene and found five haplotypes, of which two were limited to lineage 1 and three belonged to lineages 3 and 4. In a subsequent phylogenetic analysis of a 1313-bp fragment of nuclear POMC, Rag-1, and rhodopsin, lineage 1 was again distinct, while lineages 3 and 4 could not be differentiated. The results of the nuclear gene analyses suggest that lineage 1 is strongly isolated reproductively from lineages 3 and 4, which are not isolated from each other. This conclusion conforms to groupings based on larval morphology. These results indicate that frogs morphologically identified as M. amoropalamus should be split into two sympatric species, one of which contains two mitochondrial lineages that have presumably been retained via deep coalescence.

Reproductive potential of South African thermophilic Meloidogyne populations, with special reference to Meloidogyne enterolobii

Nematology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Rashidifard ◽  
Mariette Marais ◽  
Mieke S. Daneel ◽  
Hendrika Fourie
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Initial Experiment ◽  
Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Single Species Population

Summary Variability in the reproductive potential of Meloidogyne spp. is crucial to design suitable nematode management strategies. The reproductive potential of nine South African single-species Meloidogyne populations, M. enterolobii (5), M. incognita (2) and M. javanica (2), as well as three mixed-species communities (each containing two of the three species) were determined in glasshouse experiments. A mixed-species community of M. enterolobii and M. javanica had the highest reproductive potential (Rf = 15.7) in the initial experiment. For the repeat experiment, a single-species population of M. javanica was the most injurious (Rf = 19.1). Conversely, a single-species population of M. enterolobii had the lowest Rf values in the initial (Rf = 1.0) and repeat (Rf = 6.1) experiments. Substantial variation existed in terms of the reproductive potential of M. enterolobii single-species populations and mixed-species communities.

scholarly journals Mixed-species herding levels the landscape of fear

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1922) ◽  
pp. 20192555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keenan Stears ◽  
Melissa H. Schmitt ◽  
Christopher C. Wilmers ◽  
Adrian M. Shrader
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Landscape Of Fear ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Risk Areas

Prey anti-predator behaviours are influenced by perceived predation risk in a landscape and social information gleaned from herd mates regarding predation risk. It is well documented that high-quality social information about risk can come from heterospecific herd mates. Here, we integrate social information with the landscape of fear to quantify how these landscapes are modified by mixed-species herding. To do this, we investigated zebra vigilance in single- and mixed-species herds across different levels of predation risk (lion versus no lion), and assessed how they manage herd size and the competition–information trade-off associated with grouping behaviour. Overall, zebra performed higher vigilance in high-risk areas. However, mixed-species herding reduced vigilance levels. We estimate that zebra in single-species herds would have to feed for approximately 35 min more per day in low-risk areas and approximately 51 min more in high-risk areas to compensate for the cost of higher vigilance. Furthermore, zebra benefitted from the competition–information trade-off by increasing the number of heterospecifics while keeping the number of zebra in a herd constant. Ultimately, we show that mixed-species herding reduces the effects of predation risk, whereby zebra in mixed-species herds, under high predation risk, perform similar levels of vigilance compared with zebra in low-risk scenarios.

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