Growth-enhanced transgenic salmon can be inferior swimmers

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Farrell ◽  
William Bennett ◽  
Robert H. Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Physiological Fitness

We examined the consequence of remarkably fast growth rates in transgenic fish, using swimming performance as a physiological fitness variable. Substantially faster growth rates were achieved by the insertion of an "all-salmon" growth hormone gene construct in transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). On an absolute speed basis, transgenic fish swam no faster at their critical swimming speed than smaller non-transgenic controls, and much slower than older non-transgenic controls of the same size. Thus, we find a marked trade-off between growth rate and swimming performance, and these results suggest that transgenic fish may be an excellent model to evaluate existing ideas regarding physiological design.

scholarly journals Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) transgenic for a growth hormone gene construct exhibit increased rates of muscle hyperplasia and detectable levels of differential gene expression

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Hill ◽  
Anders Kiessling ◽  
Robert H Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Gene Construct ◽  
Muscle Hyperplasia ◽  
Differential Gene

Transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) containing a growth hormone gene construct were compared with nontransgenic coho salmon in terms of gross anatomy, muscle cellularity, muscle enzyme activity, and differential gene expression. Transgenic fish were found to have significantly higher numbers of small-diameter muscle fibres in both the dorsal and lateral region of the somitic muscle, suggesting that they grow by greater rates of hyperplasia relative to slower growing nontransgenic fish. Higher levels of activity were found for phosphofructokinase and cytochrome oxidase in white muscle of the transgenic fish. This difference indicates a higher glycolytic and aerobic requirement in the muscle of transgenic fish. Subtractive hybridisation of muscle RNA of transgenic fish from control fish provided a library of cDNAs whose expression is upregulated in the transgenic fish. This library contains genes that may be involved in, or related to, both high growth rates and muscle hyperplasia. We have sequenced a number of fragments and have found a preponderance of myosin light chain 2 mRNAs, consistent with a putative high level of expression in the early stages of muscle fibre construction.

Growth of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) off Oregon and Washington, USA, in Years of Differing Coastal Upwelling

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Fisher ◽  
W. G. Pearcy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Alternative Prey ◽  
Stomach Fullness ◽  
Poor Condition

Estimated growth rates, condition, and stomach fullness of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) caught in the ocean in early summer, when mortality was most variable, were as high in 1983 and 1984, years of very low survival and low early upwelling, as in 1981, 1982, and 1985, years of higher survival and higher early upwelling. Chronic food shortage leading to starvation, poor condition, or slow growth apparently was not the cause of the increased mortality of juvenile coho salmon in 1983 and 1984. Survival of juvenile coho salmon was positively correlated with purse seine catches of fish in June and with early summer upwelling, 1981–85. Hence, year-class success probably was determined early in the summer, soon after most juvenile coho salmon entered the ocean. Spacing of the first five ocean circuli, which was positively correlated with growth rate, was not significantly different for fish caught early in the summer and those caught late in the summer, suggesting that growth rate selective mortality in the ocean was not strong. The increase in mortality in 1983 and 1984 may have been caused by increased predation on juvenile coho salmon due to decreased numbers of alternative prey for predators.

Trade-off between growth rate and aggression in juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad ◽  
Thomas P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Trade Off

Logging Impacts and Some Mechanisms that Determine the Size of Spring and Summer Populations of Coho Salmon Fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Carnation Creek, British Columbia

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1097-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Scrivener ◽  
B. C. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Channel Morphology ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Logging Impacts

Natural patterns in emergence times, seaward movements, instream distributions, densities, and growth of coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) between March and September are contrasted with patterns observed during and after logging in the Carnation Creek watershed. After streamside logging in 1976–77, fry emerged up to 6 wk earlier and moved seaward more quickly than during years before logging. These observations are attributed to higher water temperatures during the winter and to emergence during a period of more frequent freshets. Increased fry movement from the stream could result in habitat being underutilized. In sections affected by intense streamside logging, the deposition of "fine" logging debris led to increased fry densities during the summers of 1977 and 1978. After major freshets in November 1978, which removed this fine debris and affected channel morphology in these sections, fry densities declined below those observed prior to logging. Growth rate of fry was inversely correlated with density in all stream sections. Growth rates, after correction for density, tended to be greater in all sections after the adjacent streamside was logged. Larger fry and more variable numbers of fry remained in the stream in September after logging than before logging. Their increased size is attributed to the longer growing season afforded by earlier emergence. This complex of interacting factors determines the number and size of fry in autumn and it can influence the production of smolts the following spring.

scholarly journals Escherichia colipopulations adapt to complex, unpredictable fluctuations without any trade-offs across environments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddha Karve ◽  
Devika Bhave ◽  
Dhanashri Nevgi ◽  
Sutirth Dey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Lower Variation

AbstractIn nature, organisms are simultaneously exposed to multiple stresses (i.e. complex environments) that often fluctuate unpredictably. While both these factors have been studied in isolation, the interaction of the two remains poorly explored. To address this issue, we selected laboratory populations ofEscherichia coliunder complex (i.e. stressful combinations of pH, H2O2and NaCl) unpredictably fluctuating environments for ~900 generations. We compared the growth rates and the corresponding trade-off patterns of these populations to those that were selected under constant values of the component stresses (i.e. pH, H2O2and NaCl) for the same duration. The fluctuation-selected populations had greater mean growth rate and lower variation for growth rate over all the selection environments experienced. However, while the populations selected under constant stresses experienced severe tradeoffs in many of the environments other than those in which they were selected, the fluctuation-selected populations could by-pass the across-environment trade-offs completely. Interestingly, trade-offs were found between growth rates and carrying capacities. The results suggest that complexity and fluctuations can strongly affect the underlying trade-off structure in evolving populations.

Influence of Bovine Growth Hormone and L-Thyroxine on Growth, Muscle Composition, and Histological Structure of the Gonads, Thyroid, Pancreas, and Pituitary of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Helen M. Dye ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Poor Growth

Groups of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were acclimated to 10 C well water and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D. Excess ration (Oregon Moist Pellet) was presented daily. Doses of bovine growth hormone (5, 10, 20, 30, or 90 μg bGH/g body wt) and L-thyroxine (0.5, 5, or 30 μg T4/g) were administered over a period of 84 days (phase I) either by injection (via dorsal musculature or peritoneal cavity) or by hormone cholesterol implants into the muscle. Administration frequency of bGH and T4 was such (range 2 times/wk-1 time/3 wk) that fish theoretically received either 10 or 30 μg bGH/g per wk or 1 or 10 μg T4/g per wk. Control fish received either alkaline saline (pH 9.5) or a cholesterol pellet. After cessation of treatment the fish were observed for an additional 84 days (phase II). During phase I, growth rates (weight) for bGH fish (2.0–2.4% per day) and for T4 fish (0.97–1.1% per day) were significantly higher than those of control fish (0.42–0.59% per day). Among bGH fish, dorsal musculature injection (2 times/wk) was significantly more effective than intraperitoneal injection (1 time/2 wk).Increases in weight above control for bGH fish at 84 days ranged from 220 to 369%. Those for T4 fish extended from 47 to 78%. In phase II, control fish growth rates were higher (0.61–0.67% per day) than those for bGH fish (0.47–0.57% per day) and T4 fish (0.32–0.44% per day). Administration of bGH and T4 (high dose) caused a progressive decline in condition factor of fish from the control range. This trend was stopped and reversed in phase II.At 84 days, generally no significant differences were detected among groups for percentages of muscle water. However, some groups had significantly higher (bGH) and others lower (T4) percentages of muscle protein relative to those of control fish. Also, significant increases (T4) and decreases (bGH) in muscle lipid percentages were found. Hormone treatment altered the histological structure of the ovary, thyroid, exocrine (T4) and endocrine (bGH) pancreas, and somatotrop cells (T4) of the pituitary. A poor growth response was noted for two groups of coho administered bGH after acclimation to sea water.

Salinity acclimation and advanced parr–smolt transformation in growth-hormone transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 633-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Bystriansky ◽  
W.C. Clarke ◽  
M.M. Alonge ◽  
S.M. Judd ◽  
P.M. Schulte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Salinity Acclimation ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Group A ◽  
Seawater Acclimation

Growth hormone (GH) is involved in the parr–smolt transformation of salmonid fishes and is known to improve salinity tolerance. This study compared the capacity for seawater acclimation of GH transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)) to that of wild-type fish, allowing examination of responses to sustained (chronic) exposure to elevated GH. GH transgenic fish (GH TG) smolted 1 year in advance of wild-type salmon and showed a greater capacity to hypo-osmoregulate in seawater. As GH TG fish were much larger than the wild-type fish, a second experiment was conducted with three size-matched groups of coho salmon (a 1+-year-old wild-type group, a 1+-year-old ration-restricted GH TG group, and a 0+-year-old fully fed GH TG group). When size-matched, the effect of GH transgenesis was not as dramatic, but the feed-rationed TG1+ group exhibited smaller deviations in plasma ion and osmolality levels following seawater exposure than did the other groups, suggesting a somewhat improved hypo-osmoregulatory ability. These results support a role for GH in the development of seawater tolerance by salmonid fishes independent of fish size.

The relationship between specific growth rate and swimming performance in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2165-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Kolok ◽  
James T. Oris
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the specific growth rate of male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was positively correlated with swimming performance. Subadult fish were allowed to grow into adults over a period of 31 – 55 days, after which the critical swimming speed of each fish was determined. Variation in critical swimming speed was substantial (greater than 50%), and a significant positive correlation was found between number of growing days and critical swimming speed, whereas a significant negative correlation was found between specific growth rate and critical swimming speed. A multiple regression using specific growth rate and number of growing days explained over 47% of the variation in swimming performance. Fathead minnows that grow fast are poor swimmers, suggesting a trade-off between swimming performance and specific growth rate in this species.

SELECTION ON INCREASED INTRINSIC GROWTH RATES IN COHO SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH

Evolution ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Fredrik Sundström ◽  
Mare Lõhmus ◽  
Robert H. Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch

Two generations of outbreeding in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): effects on size and growth

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2538-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K McClelland ◽  
James M Myers ◽  
Jeffrey J Hard ◽  
Linda K Park ◽  
Kerry A Naish
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Freshwater Aquaculture ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Two Generations

Outbreeding is a potential genetic risk in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) when aquaculture practices introduce nonnative domesticated fish to wild environments, making interbreeding with wild populations possible. In this study, F1 and F2 hybrid families of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were created using a captive freshwater aquaculture strain and a locally derived hatchery population that is integrated with naturally spawning fish. Intermediate growth was detected in F1 and F2 hybrids from crosses reared in captivity; both generations had mean weight and length values between those of the parent populations after their first year (p < 0.05). In the early life history stages, maternal effects increased alevin growth in progeny of hatchery dams relative to those of captive dams (p < 0.001). Aquaculture control families showed greater growth rates than hybrids in late summer of their 1st year and in the following spring (p < 0.05), while the hatchery controls had lower growth rates during the first summer (p < 0.05). Line cross analysis indicated that changes in additive and dominance interactions, but not unfavorable epistatic interactions, likely explain the differences in weight, length, and growth rate observed in hybrids of these stocks of coho salmon.

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