Measurement versus estimation of condition in snakes

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Weatherhead ◽  
Gregory P. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Conventional Condition ◽  
Water Snakes

Because variation in fat reserves (i.e., condition) is expected to contribute to variation in survival and reproductive success, zoologists often wish to estimate the condition of the animals they study. The conventional condition estimates used for snakes are the residuals from a regression of body mass on body length. Because this estimate of condition is not independent of the variables used to estimate it (i.e., fat is a component of body mass), estimates derived in this fashion will be confounded whenever fat varies nonrandomly with length. To avoid this problem we used total lipid extraction to estimate percent body fat in a representative sample of northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon). The conventional condition index explained less than half the variance in the measured percent body fat in this sample. An improved estimate of condition calculated as the difference between total body mass and predicted lean mass (based on the results of the lipid extraction) explained 70% of the variation in percent body fat in the original sample of snakes. This improved estimate also revealed that condition declined with body size in a large sample of male water snakes measured in early spring over a 4-year period. This last result, coupled with theoretical expectations that condition will not vary randomly with body size in snakes, suggests that researchers interested in condition should derive indices from direct measurements of body fat.

Limitations of body mass index for counseling individuals with unilateral lower extremity amputation

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra P Frost ◽  
Tracy Norman Giest ◽  
Allison A Ruta ◽  
Teresa K Snow ◽  
Mindy Millard-Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Limb Loss ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
X Ray

Background: Body composition is important for health screening, but appropriate methods for unilateral lower extremity amputees have not been validated. Objectives: To compare body mass index adjusted using Amputee Coalition equations (body mass index–Amputee Coalition) to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in unilateral lower limb amputees. Study design: Cross-sectional, experimental. Methods: Thirty-eight men and women with lower limb amputations (transfemoral, transtibial, hip disarticulation, Symes) participated. Body mass index (mass/height2) was compared to body mass index corrected for limb loss (body mass index–Amputee Coalition). Accuracy of classification and extrapolation of percent body fat with body mass index was compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Body mass index–Amputee Coalition increased body mass index (by ~ 1.1 kg/m2) but underestimated and mis-classified 60% of obese and overestimated 100% of lean individuals according to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Estimated mean percent body fat (95% confidence interval) from body mass index–Amputee Coalition (28.3% (24.9%, 31.7%)) was similar to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry percent body fat (29.5% (25.2%, 33.7%)) but both were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than percent body fat estimated from uncorrected body mass index (23.6% (20.4%, 26.8%)). However, total errors for body mass index and body mass index–Amputee Coalition converted to percent body fat were unacceptably large (standard error of the estimate = 6.8%, 6.2% body fat) and the discrepancy between both methods and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was inversely related ( r = −0.59 and r = −0.66, p < 0.05) to the individual’s level of body fatness. Conclusions: Body mass index (despite correction) underestimates health risk for obese patients and overestimates lean, muscular individuals with lower limb amputation. Clinical relevance Clinical recommendations for an ideal body mass based on body mass index–Amputee Coalition should not be relied upon in lower extremity amputees. This is of particular concern for obese lower extremity amputees whose health risk might be significantly underestimated based on body mass index despite a “correction” formula for limb loss.

A comparison of body mass index and percent body fat as predictors of cardiovascular risk factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosein Sheibani ◽  
Habibollah Esmaeili ◽  
Maryam Tayefi ◽  
Maryam Saberi-Karimian ◽  
Susan Darroudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Percent Body Fat

scholarly journals Whole-Food Plant-Based Lifestyle Program and Decreased Obesity: A 10-Year Follow-up

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boštjan Jakše ◽  
Barbara Jakše ◽  
Stanislav Pinter ◽  
Jernej Pajek ◽  
Nataša Fidler Mis
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Lifestyle Program ◽  
Composition Changes

Failure of various weight-loss programs and long-term maintenance of favorable body composition in all kinds of people is high, since the majority go back to old dietary patterns. Many studies have documented the efficacy of a plant-based diet (PBD) for body mass management, but there are opinions that maintaining a PBD is difficult. We aimed to evaluate the long-term success of a whole-food plant-based (WFPB) lifestyle program. We investigated the differences in the obesity indices and lifestyle of 151 adults (39.6 &plusmn; SD 12.5 years), who were on our program for short (0.5&ndash;&lt;2 years), medium (2&ndash;&lt;5 years), or long term (5&ndash;10 years). Body-composition changes were favourable for all three groups, both genders and all participants. There were no differences in relative body-composition changes (BMI, body fat percentage and muscle mass index (MMI)) between the three groups. All participants improved their BMI (baseline mean pre-obesity BMI range (kg/m2): 26.4 &plusmn; 5.6 to normal 23.9 &plusmn; 3.8, p &lt; 0.001), decreased body mass (&ndash;7.1 &plusmn; 8.3 kg, p &lt; 0.001) and body fat percentage (&ndash;6.4 &plusmn; 5.6 % points, p &lt; 0.001). 85.6% (101 out of 118) of parents of underage children (&lt; 18 years), introduced WFPB lifestyle to their children. Those with the highest BMI at baseline lost the most of: a) BMI units, b) total body mass and c) body fat (a) (kg/m2) (&ndash;5.6 &plusmn; SD 2.9, &ndash;2.4 &plusmn; 1.8 and &ndash;0.9 &plusmn; 1.5), b) (kg) (&ndash;16.1 &plusmn; SD 8.8, &ndash;7.1 &plusmn; 5.4 and &ndash;2.5 &plusmn; 4.5) and c) (% points) (&ndash;9.5 &plusmn; SD 5.7, &ndash;6.6 &plusmn; 4.6 and &ndash;4.7 &plusmn; 5.3) for participants who had baseline BMI in obese, overweight and normal range, respectively; pbaseline vs. current &lt; 0.001 for all). WFPB lifestyle program provides long-term lifestyle changes for reversal of obesity and is effective transferred to the next generation.

scholarly journals Body Morphometrics in NAFLD Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harkeerat Dhami ◽  
Niharika Samala
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Introduction: NAFLD is one of the common causes of liver disease in the US and is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome. Among obese, prevalence of NAFLD is 7090%. We wanted to determine body morphometrics in NAFLD. Methods: All individuals presenting to Indiana University Hospital with NAFLD were approached to participate in cross-sectional study. All participants were offered beverage, diet (REAP) questionnaires and body composition analysis using InBody 570, which utilizes bioelectrical impedance. Results: Of the 321 NAFLD individuals enrolled, 256 completed body morphometric analysis. Mean age of the cohort was 51.58 ± 13.54, 58% were female, 297 White and had a mean BMI of 35.92. 76% were obese, 48% had type 2 diabetes, 49.2% had hypertension, 38.6% had dyslipidemia, and 20.5% had obstructive sleep apnea. Despite having similar BMI, females had lower lean body mass (51.01 vs 70.51) and skeletal muscle mass (28.05 vs 39.70), higher body fat mass (46.71 vs 41.04) and percent body fat (46.59 vs. 35.7). Regular coffee consumers had lower BMI (35.3 vs 38, p=0.038), but lower body fat mass (39.9 vs 46.2, p=0.01), percent body fat (41.1 vs 44.4, p=0.05) and higher lean body mass % (58.8 vs 55.5, p=0.049). Processed meat consumption was associated with higher BMI (39 vs 35.3, P=0.01), percent body fat (45.5 vs 42, p=0.04), and lower lean body mass percentage (54.5 vs 58.2, P=0.04). Similar trends were seen with consumption of high sodium processed foods and watching television for ≥ 2 hours/day. Conclusion: Among individuals with NAFLD, we saw a higher female preponderance, who were found to have unfavorable body morphometrics despite similar BMI as males. Consumption of high sodium processed food and meat and excess screen time have unfavorable, while regular coffee drinkers have favorable body morphometrics, which offer modifiable measures for risk factors associated with NAFLD.

Effect of sex and race on body mass index and percent body fat in young adults

Nutrition ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 63-64 ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ch Saddam ◽  
Heidi M. Foster ◽  
Moge Zhang ◽  
Terezie T. Mosby
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Percent Body Fat
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