Structure and development of larval antennae in embryos of Lytta viridana LeConte (Coleoptera: Meloidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1008-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Heming
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
Sensory Unit ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Accessory Cells ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pioneer Neurons ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Brain

At time of hatch (252–264 h at 25 ± 0.5 °C), each antenna in Lytta viridana has three flagellomeres, three extrinsic muscles, and 25 sensilla of five different types, including a large composite sensillum of 19 sensory units on flagellomere II. Each antenna evaginates from epidermis on either side the stomodaeum beginning at 16% of embryogenesis. At 21%, a cell near its apex divides into two pioneer neurons that move into its lumen and project their axons to the brain by 29%. Sensillar stem cells begin to emerge at 23%, those of the appendix within a large embryonic placode and, from 26 to 48%, divide asymmetrically to generate the neurons and accessory cells of each sensillum. Sensillar axonogenesis begins at 34%, the first axons contact the brain at 35%, and antennal glomeruli begin to form within the deutocerebra at 57%. At 35%, the trichogen cell of each sensillum begins to grow out and larval cuticle is deposited about these, beginning at 57%. Upon withdrawal of trichogen cytoplasm from within the appendix at 81%, the dendrites of each sensory unit grow into it and begin to branch. Functional aspects are addressed and the observations compared with the limited information available on embryos of other insects.

scholarly journals Migration-based selections of antibodies that convert bone marrow into trafficking microglia-like cells that reduce brain amyloid β

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. E372-E381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Ho Han ◽  
Britni M. Arlian ◽  
Matthew S. Macauley ◽  
James C. Paulson ◽  
Richard A. Lerner
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Tissues

One goal of regenerative medicine is to repair damaged tissue. This requires not only generating new cells of the proper phenotype, but also selecting for those that properly integrate into sites of injury. In our laboratory we are using a cell-migration–based in vivo selection system to generate antibodies that induce cells to both differentiate and selectively localize to different tissues. Here we describe an antibody that induces bone marrow stem cells to differentiate into microglia-like cells that traffic to the brain where they organize into typical networks. Interestingly, in the APP/PS1 Alzheimer’s disease mouse model, these induced microglia-like cells are found at sites of plaque formation and significantly reduce their number. These results raise the intriguing question as to whether one can use such antibody-induced differentiation of stem cells to essentially recapitulate embryogenesis in adults to discover cells that can regenerate damaged organ systems.

Presence of antibody in virus-infected brain cells of SSPE ferrets

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 804-805
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Brown ◽  
Tammy L. Donato ◽  
Halldor Thormar
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been found in the brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a slowly progressing disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. IgG/albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS. Using the ferret as an animal model to study the disease, we have been attempting to localize the Ig's in the brains of animals inoculated with a cell associated strain of SSPE. In an earlier report, preliminary results using Protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (PrAPx) (Dynatech Diagnostics Inc., South Windham, ME.) to detect antibodies revealed the presence of immunoglobulin mainly in antibody-producing plasma cells in inflammatory lesions and not in infected brain cells.In the present experiment we studied the brain of an SSPE ferret with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:1024 in serum and 1:512 in CSF at time of sacrifice 7 months after i.c. inoculation with SSPE measles virus-infected cells. The animal was perfused with saline and portions of the brain and spinal cord were immersed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (P-L-P) fixative. The ferret was not perfused with fixative because parts of the brain were used for virus isolation.

“Where is Dementia?” A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Neuroanatomical Aspects of Dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chorong Oh ◽  
Leonard LaPointe
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Language Literature

Dementia is a condition caused by and associated with separate physical changes in the brain. The signs and symptoms of dementia are very similar across the diverse types, and it is difficult to diagnose the category by behavioral symptoms alone. Diagnostic criteria have relied on a constellation of signs and symptoms, but it is critical to understand the neuroanatomical differences among the dementias for a more precise diagnosis and subsequent management. With this regard, this review aims to explore the neuroanatomical aspects of dementia to better understand the nature of distinctive subtypes, signs, and symptoms. This is a review of English language literature published from 1996 to the present day of peer-reviewed academic and medical journal articles that report on older people with dementia. This review examines typical neuroanatomical aspects of dementia and reinforces the importance of a thorough understanding of the neuroanatomical characteristics of the different types of dementia and the differential diagnosis of them.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

Types of refractive errors and methods for their diagnosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Olga Lemzyakova
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Vision Correction ◽  
Light Rays ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Degrees Of Severity ◽  
The Brain

Refraction of the eye means its ability to bend (refract) light in its own optical system. In a normal state, which is called emmetropia, light rays passing through the optical system of the eye focus on the retina, from where the impulse is transmitted to the visual cortex of the brain and is analyzed there. A person sees equally well both in the distance and near in this situation. However, very often, refractive errors develop as a result of various types of influences. Myopia, or short-sightedness, occurs when the light rays are focused in front of the retina as a result of passing through the optical system of the eye. In this case, a person will clearly distinguish close objects and have difficulties in seeing distant objects. On the opposite side is development of farsightedness (hypermetropia), in which the focusing of light rays occurs behind the retina — such a person sees distant objects clearly, but outlines of closer objects are out of focus. Near vision impairment in old age is a natural process called presbyopia, it develops due to the lens thickening. Both myopia and hypermetropia can have different degrees of severity. The variant, when different refractive errors are observed in different eyes, is called anisometropia. In the same case, if different types of refraction are observed in the same eye, it is astigmatism, and most often it is a congenital pathology. Almost all of the above mentioned refractive errors require correction with spectacles or use of contact lenses. Recently, people are increasingly resorting to the methods of surgical vision correction.

Ligand and Structure-based Modeling of Passive Diffusion through the Blood-Brain Barrier

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1073-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Vilar ◽  
Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez ◽  
Lourdes Santana ◽  
Eugenio Uriarte
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Passive Diffusion ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Barrier Permeability ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier Permeability ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Brain Barrier Permeability ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain

Background: Blood-brain barrier transport is an important process to be considered in drug candidates. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxicological agents and, therefore, also establishes a restrictive mechanism for the delivery of drugs into the brain. Although there are different and complex mechanisms implicated in drug transport, in this review we focused on the prediction of passive diffusion through the blood-brain barrier. Methods: We elaborated on ligand-based and structure-based models that have been described to predict the blood-brain barrier permeability. Results: Multiple 2D and 3D QSPR/QSAR models and integrative approaches have been published to establish quantitative and qualitative relationships with the blood-brain barrier permeability. We explained different types of descriptors that correlate with passive diffusion along with data analysis methods. Moreover, we discussed the applicability of other types of molecular structure-based simulations, such as molecular dynamics, and their implications in the prediction of passive diffusion. Challenges and limitations of experimental measurements of permeability and in silico predictive methods were also described. Conclusion: Improvements in the prediction of blood-brain barrier permeability from different types of in silico models are crucial to optimize the process of Central Nervous System drug discovery and development.

scholarly journals Human Granulosa Cells—Stemness Properties, Molecular Cross-Talk and Follicular Angiogenesis

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1396
Author(s):  
Claudia Dompe ◽  
Magdalena Kulus ◽  
Katarzyna Stefańska ◽  
Wiesława Kranc ◽  
Błażej Chermuła ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Metabolite Exchange ◽  
Reproductive Techniques ◽  
New Strategies

The ovarian follicle is the basic functional unit of the ovary, comprising theca cells and granulosa cells (GCs). Two different types of GCs, mural GCs and cumulus cells (CCs), serve different functions during folliculogenesis. Mural GCs produce oestrogen during the follicular phase and progesterone after ovulation, while CCs surround the oocyte tightly and form the cumulus oophurus and corona radiata inner cell layer. CCs are also engaged in bi-directional metabolite exchange with the oocyte, as they form gap-junctions, which are crucial for both the oocyte’s proper maturation and GC proliferation. However, the function of both GCs and CCs is dependent on proper follicular angiogenesis. Aside from participating in complex molecular interplay with the oocyte, the ovarian follicular cells exhibit stem-like properties, characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Both GCs and CCs remain under the influence of various miRNAs, and some of them may contribute to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) occurrence. Considering increasing female fertility problems worldwide, it is of interest to develop new strategies enhancing assisted reproductive techniques. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider GCs as ovarian stem cells in terms of the cellular features and molecular pathways involved in their development and interactions as well as outline their possible application in translational medicine.

scholarly journals Neural Stem Cells: What Happens When They Go Viral?

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Yashika S. Kamte ◽  
Manisha N. Chandwani ◽  
Alexa C. Michaels ◽  
Lauren A. O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Multipotent Progenitor Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
The Brain

Viruses that infect the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with developmental abnormalities as well as neuropsychiatric and degenerative conditions. Many of these viruses such as Zika virus (ZIKV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) demonstrate tropism for neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are the multipotent progenitor cells of the brain that have the ability to form neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Viral infections often alter the function of NSCs, with profound impacts on the growth and repair of the brain. There are a wide spectrum of effects on NSCs, which differ by the type of virus, the model system, the cell types studied, and the age of the host. Thus, it is a challenge to predict and define the consequences of interactions between viruses and NSCs. The purpose of this review is to dissect the mechanisms by which viruses can affect survival, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs. This review also sheds light on the contribution of key antiviral cytokines in the impairment of NSC activity during a viral infection, revealing a complex interplay between NSCs, viruses, and the immune system.

Glycans in scaffold design in tissue reconstruction

2021 ◽  
pp. 088391152199784
Author(s):  
Nipun Jain ◽  
Shashi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Cell Carrier ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tissue Reconstruction ◽  
A Cell

Development of an artificial tissue by tissue engineering is witnessed to be one of the long lasting clarified solutions for the damaged tissue function restoration. To accomplish this, a scaffold is designed as a cell carrier in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) performs a prominent task of controlling the inoculated cell’s destiny. ECM composition, topography and mechanical properties lead to different types of interactions between cells and ECM components that trigger an assortment of cellular reactions via diverse sensing mechanisms and downstream signaling pathways. The polysaccharides in the form of proteoglycans and glycoproteins yield better outcomes when included in the designed matrices. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains present on proteoglycans show a wide range of operations such as sequestering of critical effector morphogens which encourage proficient nutrient contribution toward the growing stem cells for their development and endurance. In this review we discuss how the glycosylation aspects are of considerable importance in everyday housekeeping functions of a cell especially when placed in a controlled environment under ideal growth conditions. Hydrogels made from these GAG chains have been used extensively as a resorbable material that mimics the natural ECM functions for an efficient control over cell attachment, permeability, viability, proliferation, and differentiation processes. Also the incorporation of non-mammalian polysaccharides can elicit specific receptor responses which authorize the creation of numerous vigorous frameworks while prolonging the low cost and immunogenicity of the substance.

scholarly journals Synthesis and pharmacokinetic characterisation of a fluorine-18 labelled brain shuttle peptide fusion dimeric affibody

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Morito ◽  
Ryuichi Harada ◽  
Ren Iwata ◽  
Yiqing Du ◽  
Nobuyuki Okamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Affibody Molecule ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Protein Binders ◽  
Rapid Clearance ◽  
Labelling Method ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

AbstractBrain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with radiolabelled proteins is an emerging concept that potentially enables visualization of unique molecular targets in the brain. However, the pharmacokinetics and protein radiolabelling methods remain challenging. Here, we report the performance of an engineered, blood–brain barrier (BBB)-permeable affibody molecule that exhibits rapid clearance from the brain, which was radiolabelled using a unique fluorine-18 labelling method, a cell-free protein radiosynthesis (CFPRS) system. AS69, a small (14 kDa) dimeric affibody molecule that binds to the monomeric and oligomeric states of α-synuclein, was newly designed for brain delivery with an apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-derived brain shuttle peptide as AS69-ApoE (22 kDa). The radiolabelled products 18F-AS69 and 18F-AS69-ApoE were successfully synthesised using the CFPRS system. Notably, 18F-AS69-ApoE showed higher BBB permeability than 18F-AS69 in an ex vivo study at 10 and 30 min post injection and was partially cleared from the brain at 120 min post injection. These results suggest that small, a brain shuttle peptide-fused fluorine-18 labelled protein binders can potentially be utilised for brain molecular imaging.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document