Density effects and snake predation: prey limitation and reduced growth rate of adders at high density of conspecifics

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1000-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Erik Lindell ◽  
Anders Forsman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Vipera Berus ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prey Limitation ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Baltic

To test the hypothesis that snakes limit the population growth of their prey, we measured the density of adders (Vipera berus) and field voles (Microtus agrestis) over several years on six small islands (1–12 ha) in the Baltic Sea. In both 1989 and 1990 we found a negative relationship (significant in one year) between the density of adders and voles across islands, indicating that on islands with high densities the adders exert such a high predation pressure that the voles become predator limited. In 1991 and 1993 we experimentally manipulated adder densities to rule out potential island effects. A comparison between transferred and resident snakes revealed no negative effects of being transferred to an unfamiliar environment. Furthermore, vole density decreased more on islands where we had experimentally increased adder density compared with islands with reduced densities and unmanipulated controls, but the difference was not significant. To test the hypothesis that adders at high densities of conspecifics decrease the vole population so much as to become resource limited, we calculated mean annual relative growth rate (a size-independent measure of growth rate) of adders on all islands during 1989 through 1993. In all 5 years we found a negative relationship across islands between adder density and growth rate of adders. Combining all years there was a significant negative effect of adder density, suggesting that on islands with high densities the adders suffer a reduction in growth rates that was due to intense exploitative competition.

Comparison of growth and reproduction performance of dairy (Holstein-Friesian) and beef (Belgian Blue) replacement heifers in farms with both types of cattle

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-506
Author(s):  
V. de Behr ◽  
O. Gérard ◽  
J.L. Hornick ◽  
I. Dufrasne ◽  
L. Istasse
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Beef Herd ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

AbstractIn Belgium, both dairy and beef cattle are managed intensively. Three commercial farms owning both a Belgian Blue —double muscled type- suckler beef herd and a Holstein-Friesian dairy herd were surveyed between 1994 and 1998. The aim of the study was to compare growth and reproduction performances of both breeds in a similar farm environment. The replacement heifers of both breeds were kept together until advanced pregnancy. Reproduction data were collected monthly from heifers older than fourteen months. The live weight of the replacement heifers was recorded quarterly until 20 months of age. Breed influenced the growth of replacement heifers at 6, 9 and 12 months (P < 0.001). The growth rate of Belgian Blue heifers was reduced after the age of one year and the live weight difference between breeds was not significant anymore. Belgian Blue heifers were always heavier than Holstein-Friesian heifers. Successfully bred heifers had a greater growth rate than non successfully bred heifers within the Belgian Blue breed. This was significant for the weight at 6 months (P < 0.05) and at 12 months (P < 0.05). Such an effect was not detected for the Holstein-Friesian breed (P > 0.05). Weight was not a limiting factor for fecundity of the Holstein-Friesian heifers. Management policies other than growth performance explained the difference between optimal fecundity and the fecundity index met in this study. Non successfully bred Belgian Blue heifers were lighter than successfully bred animals. Unsufficient weight performance had an impact on fecundity in that breed.

Intercohort Variations in the Education–Health Gradient: Sociohistorical Changes in Early-Life Selection Mechanisms in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirth R Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Functional Health ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Mechanisms

Abstract Objectives Most prior studies on cohort-specific changes in the education gradient relative to health treat the distribution of education within a particular cohort as a “starting place” for understanding later-life health disparities. This premise has obfuscated the role that sociohistorical changes in early-life selection mechanisms play in the widening of education-based inequalities in functional limitations across birth cohorts. Methods Drawing from the Health and Retirement Survey (1992–2016; n = 20,920), this study employs inverse probability weight (IPW) to account for early-life selection mechanisms that are likely to affect both educational attainment and functional limitations. IPW-adjusted generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the total effect of education on functional limitations across birth cohorts (born 1924–1959). Results A significant linear decline in the negative effects of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage on education (β = 0.005, p &lt; .01) over the birth year was documented. By contrast, the same variable’s negative effect on functional health increased significantly (β = 0.006, p &lt; .001) across cohorts. Adjustment for childhood socioeconomic status did yield narrower education-based inequalities in functional limitations, but the difference between IPW-adjusted and unadjusted results was not statistically significant. The pattern of significant widening of education-based inequalities (β = −0.05, p &lt; .001) in functional limitations across birth cohorts was maintained. Discussion This study underscores the role that sociohistorical changes in early-life selection mechanisms play in modifying patterns of education-based inequalities in health across cohorts.

scholarly journals DAKWAH YANG BERLITERASI MEDIA: UPAYA DERADIKALISASI DI LINGKUP KAMPUS IAIN KENDARI

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Sri Hadijah Arnus
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Media ◽  
Media Literacy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Virtual Community ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Difference

The new media era is a time when every individual has a virtual community other than their community in the real world. The high interactivity of social media and its decentralized nature allows for the enormous flow of information that inflicts social media users. This of course can have a positive impact, but it can also bring a negative effect. To counteract the negative effects of social media, media literacy is needed, in this case for students. Media literacy is done to form a filter on students, in the face of negative exposure in social media that can give effect to the formation of a stereotype of a person against a particular ethnic or religious groups, as well as information charged with radicalism. It is deemed necessary to see IAIN Kendari students who have very diverse ethnic backgrounds and different organizational backgrounds of different groups, thus affecting the difference of individuals in making decisions or in dealing with various forms of information from social media. Media literacy is done through the way of da'wah is to provide understanding to the students how the media to construct a message that is combined with messages that contain knowledge about Islam. This paper will describe the media literacy model for IAIN Kendari students with the form of da'wah which aims to counteract the understanding of radicalism obtained through social media, for IAIN students Kendari.

scholarly journals UPAYA PENINGKATAN KESEHATAN PADA REMAJA DI SMK PGRI 2 SURAKARTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Oktavina Permatasari ◽  
Aryanti Setyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Instant Foods

Abstrak Perkembangan zaman pada era globalisasi dapat memberikan pengaruh pada remaja. Salah satu permasalahan yang terjadi adalah pemilihan makanan karena remaja tidak lagi didasarkan pada kandungan gizi, tetapi lebih banyak sekedar sosialisasi dengan teman sebayanya, untuk kesenangan dan agar tidak kehilangan status. Konsumsi makanan instan yang berlebihan dan jangka waktu yang lama dapat menimbulkan penimbunan zat aditif yang terkandung dalam makanan instan pada tubuh mereka, hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan status gizi pada remaja cukup beragam. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut diperlukan adanya pendidikan kesehatan dan pemahaman tentang pola makan sehat dan dampak negatif yang bisa disebabkan jika konsumsi makanan instan secara berlebihan. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di SMK PGRI 2 Surakarta dimana di sekolah tersebut tidak menyediakan kantin sehat dan lokasi SMK yang strategis menyebabkan banyak penjual makanan instan maupun makanan yang kurang sehat di lingkungan sekolah, selain itu belum pernah dilakukan pendidikan kesehatan terkait bahaya konsumsi makanan instan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut perlu dilakukan upaya untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dampak negatif konsumsi makanan instan dan membuat siswa mampu mengurangi konsumsi makanan instan berlebihan. Pre-test dan post-test dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman siswa mengenai dampak negatif dari konsumsi makanan instan berlebihan. Metode yang dilakukan adalah memberikan pendidikan kesehatan kepada siswa dengan metode ceramah dan pemberian leaflet untuk memudahkan siswa dalam memahami dampak negatif konsumsi makanan instan berlebihan. Hasil perhitungan rata-rata nilai pre-test adalah 62,5 dan setelah dilakukan pemaparan materi, rata-rata tingkat pemahaman meningkat menjadi 74,0 dengan selisih nilai pre-test dan post-test sebesar 11,50. Dapat disimpulkan pelaksanaan pendidikan kesehatan tentang dampak negatif konsumsi makanan instan berlebihan dapat menambah pengetahuan dan pemahaman siswa mengenai zat yang terkandung dalam makanan instan, dampak negatif konsumsi makanan instan berlebihan terhadap kesehatan, dan dapat meningkatkan kesadaran untuk mengurangi makanan instan. Abstract The era of globalization can influence adolescent, one problem that occurs is the selection of food because do not understand based on nutritional information but just socializing with their peers. Excessive instant foods consumption and long periods can cause the accumulation of additives contained in their bodies, which can cause nutritional status in adolescents is quite diverse. Based on these problems there is a need for health education and understanding of healthy food and the negative effect that can be caused if excessive consumption of instant foods. Education activities at SMK PGRI 2 Surakarta, because the school did not have a healthy canteen and strategic location caused many instant food sellers and unhealthy, there was never educated about the negative effect of instant food consumption. Therefore efforts should be made to increase knowledge of the negative effects of instant food consumption and make students able to reduce the consumption of excessive instant food. Pre-test and post-test were conducted to determine the level of student understanding of the negative effects of excessive instant food consumption. The method is health education explains, discussion, leaflets to facilitate students in understanding the negative effects of excessive instant food consumption. The results of the calculation of the average pre-test value were 62.5 and after health education increased to 74.0 with the difference between the pre-test and post-test values ​​of 11.50. It can be concluded that the implementation of health education about the negative effects of consumption of instant food can increase the knowledge about substances contained in instant food, the negative impact of excessive consumption of instant food on health, and can increase awareness to reduce instant food.

scholarly journals DAKWAH YANG BERLITERASI MEDIA: UPAYA DERADIKALISASI DI LINGKUP KAMPUS IAIN KENDARI

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Sri Hadijah Arnus
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Media ◽  
Media Literacy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Virtual Community ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Difference

The new media era is a time when every individual has a virtual community other than their community in the real world. The high interactivity of social media and its decentralized nature allows for the enormous flow of information that inflicts social media users. This of course can have a positive impact, but it can also bring a negative effect. To counteract the negative effects of social media, media literacy is needed, in this case for students. Media literacy is done to form a filter on students, in the face of negative exposure in social media that can give effect to the formation of a stereotype of a person against a particular ethnic or religious groups, as well as information charged with radicalism. It is deemed necessary to see IAIN Kendari students who have very diverse ethnic backgrounds and different organizational backgrounds of different groups, thus affecting the difference of individuals in making decisions or in dealing with various forms of information from social media. Media literacy is done through the way of da'wah is to provide understanding to the students how the media to construct a message that is combined with messages that contain knowledge about Islam. This paper will describe the media literacy model for IAIN Kendari students with the form of da'wah which aims to counteract the understanding of radicalism obtained through social media, for IAIN students Kendari.

Accounting for Lease Renewal Options: The Informational Effects of Unit of Account Choices

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Hales ◽  
Shankar Venkataraman ◽  
T. Jeffrey Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Accounting Standard ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Representational Faithfulness ◽  
One Year ◽  
Lease Accounting

ABSTRACT This study examines the informational effects of unit of account choices in the context of a proposed standard on lease accounting. Standard-setters have tentatively decided that leases in excess of one year should be recognized on a lessee's balance sheet, including optional lease periods, even though the lessee can choose not to renew the lease. We argue that this approach lacks representational faithfulness and creates an informational problem for users. Using an experiment, we show that the proposed treatment of renewal options has a negative effect on lenders' willingness to lend to a firm with renewal options. However, we also show that disaggregating the capitalized optional renewal periods from the fixed-term lease obligation mitigates some of the negative effects of the proposed approach, particularly when disaggregation occurs on the face of the financial statements. These results should be of interest to standard-setters as they deliberate changes to lease accounting and when considering the trade-offs that can arise with expansive unit of account choices. Data Availability: The experimental data are available for purposes of replication. Please contact the authors..

The fundamentals of competitive interactions

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-140
Author(s):  
Gary G. Mittelbach ◽  
Brian J. McGill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Competition Theory ◽  
Structure Of Communities ◽  
Negative Effect

Interspecific competition is a major factor influencing the structure of communities. This chapter examines the principles of interspecific completion, defined as a reduction in the population growth rate of one species due to presence of one (or more) other species due to their shared use of limiting resources or active interference. The chapter begins with a presentation of the classic Lotka–Volterra competition model, but quickly moves on to more recent consumer–resource competition models. Conditions leading to competitive exclusion and species coexistence are discussed, as are empirical tests of the predictions of resource competition theory. In general, coexistence requires that each species has a greater negative effect on its own population growth rate than on the population growth rate of another species. Shared predation also can result in species having negative effects on each other’s population growth rate, a condition known as “apparent competition”.

Weaning date affects calf growth rates and hind conception dates in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus)

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Pollard ◽  
G.W. Asher ◽  
R.P. Littlejohn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Conception Date ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractTo determine how weaning date affected productivity in deer farming systems, calf growth rate, hind conception date, and hind condition were monitored on 10 New Zealand deer farms located in Otago and Southland, from February/March until August/September in 1999 (no. = 551 hind-calf pairs) and 2000 (no. = 414 pairs). On each farm, in both years, half of the hind-calf pairs were separated for early weaning (mean date 11 March; range 25 February to 17 March), while the other half remained together for late weaning (mean date 28 May; range 12 May to 10 June). Deer in both treatments on each farm were of similar age and genotype and stags were added to hind groups on the same day in March. Calves were weighed in February/March, May/June and August/September. Scanning of hinds to determine date of conception was carried out in June.Climatically the 2 years were very different with a summer drought preceding observations in 1999, nevertheless similar effects of weaning date were observed in both years. Calves weaned early gained less weight than the late-weaned calves (142 v. 210 g/day in 1999, and 131 v. 166 g/day in 2000) between February/March and May/June (P < 0·001). However mean conception dates were earlier in the early-weaned hinds compared with the late-weaned hinds (by 12 days in 1999 and 7 days in 2000,P < 0·001). Hind condition scores in May/June were higher for the early-weaned hinds compared with the late-weaned hinds (by 0·5 score units in 1999 and 0·3 score units in 2000, P < 0·001). For all measures the effects of weaning date varied between farms (P < 0·001). It was concluded that farmers weaning early could expect a positive effect on hind conception date and winter hind condition and a negative effect on calf growth rate, but management could override negative effects of weaning early or late.

scholarly journals Does the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder interfere with bariatric surgery results?

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doglas Gobbi Marchesi ◽  
Jovana Gobbi Marchesi Ciriaco ◽  
Gustavo Peixoto Soares Miguel ◽  
Gustavo Adolfo Pavan Batista ◽  
Camila Pereira Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze possible negative effects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on the success of bariatric surgery. Methods: we evaluated forty patients undergoing bariatric surgery and with regular post-operative follow-up of at least one year. To all, we applied the questionnaire advocated in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association for ADHD, as well as analyzed their postoperative data. Results: fifteen (38%) patients presented a positive questionnaire for ADHD. Patients with ADHD presented higher BMI than patients without the disorder (45.8 vs. 40.9 kg/m2, p=0.017), and the difference remained in all postoperative stages. There was no statistically significant difference in surgery success (33.3% x 66.7%, p=0.505) or in BMI reduction (30.71% x 31.88%, p=0.671) one year after the procedure. Conclusion: ADHD patients have a higher BMI. However, the presence of ADHD does not influence the success of bariatric surgery and the reduction of BMI.

scholarly journals Pulmonary hypertension and respiratory function in parenchyma sparing surgical treatment of lung cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 876-879
Author(s):  
A A Kirshin ◽  
V M Napol'skikh
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Lung Cancer Surgery ◽  
Forced Expiration ◽  
Pulmonary System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Parenchyma Sparing

Aim. To assess the effect of pulmonary hypertension on respiratory function in lung cancer surgery. Methods. 92 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer, among them 69 men (75 %) and 23 women (25 %), were operated on with different variants of angioplastic lobectomy (APL), the average age was 57.8 ± 6.7 years. 91 patients underwent pulmonectomy (PE), among them 87 men (95.6 %) and 4 women (4.4 %), the average age was 59 ± 8.8 years. Results. One year after angioplastic lobectomy FEV1 decreased by 0.69 liters (27 %), vital capacity decreased by 1.17 liters (32.9 %), FVC (the difference between the volumes of lungs at the beginning and at the end of forced expiration) reduced by 0.64 liters (20.5 %). After removal of the lung, dynamics of the decrease of similar indicators was 1.02 (42 %); 1.53 (43.8 %); 1.24 (40.3 %) liter respectively. The presence of a negative relationship between PA/A (pulmonary artery/aorta) and FEV1 was revealed. Thus, in the group of angioplastic lobectomy without initial pulmonary hypertension (PA/A less than 1) it was found that r = -0.42 (p < 0.01), with pulmonary hypertension (PA/A 1 or more) r = -0.4 (p < 0.01). In the group of pulmonectomy without initial pulmonary hypertension, the correlation index was -0.38 (p < 0.01), with initial pulmonary hypertension r = -0.33 (p < 0.01). Conclusion. The analysis of the functional parameters of pulmonary system after the surgery revealed statistically significant advantage of organ-saving treatment, as well as negative correlation between pulmonary hypertension and respiratory function.

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