Overripening as the cause of low survival to hatch in Lake Erie coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) embryos

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Flett ◽  
G. Van Der Kraak ◽  
K. R. Munkittrick ◽  
J. F. Leatherland
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
Salmon Stock ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Cross Fertilization ◽  
Egg Fertility ◽  
Poor Fertilization

We investigated the cause of the low survival to hatch of embryos of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from the Fairview, Pennsylvania, stock in Lake Erie. In 1988, survival to hatch of this stock was only 42%, whereas another Great Lakes coho salmon stock of similar genetic origin had an 84% survival to hatch. Laboratory cross-fertilization studies between the Fairview stock and a reference Lake Erie stock from Simcoe, Ontario, showed that eggs from the Fairview stock were the probable source of the low fertility. The presence of overripe eggs in Fairview females was associated with poor fertilization and low survival to hatch. Plasma gonadotropin II levels were similar in preovulatory females taken from the Fairview and Simcoe stocks, but testosterone and 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels were significantly lower in the Fairview females. Increasing the triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) content of the eggs by the administration of T3 to the preovulatory females did not enhance egg fertility. We propose that the low survival to hatch of the Fairview embryos is due to delayed oocyte maturation and ovulation and vent maturation, which may have been caused by exposure of the Fairview salmon to warmer water during the period of late ovarian maturation and migration.

Fecundity of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chum salmon (O. keta) in the northeast Pacific Ocean

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Northeast Pacific ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
Salmon Stock ◽  
Northeast Pacific Ocean

Significant regional and annual variability in fecundity of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chum salmon (O. keta) in British Columbia was detected during this investigation. A Kodiak Island (Alaska) coho salmon stock was more fecund than southern stocks in British Columbia and Washington. Fecundity ranged from 2450 to 2850 eggs per female at 53.6 cm postorbital–hypural length for Vancouver Island stocks to over 4400 eggs per female for a Kodiak Island stock at the same length. Chum stocks on Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands generally had fecundities less than 3200 eggs per female at 58.8 cm postorbital–hypural length, whereas chum of equal lengths in mainland British Columbia stocks ranged from 3200 to 3450 eggs per female. Older chum and coho were usually more fecund than younger ones, but this difference could be accounted for by differences in mean length-at-age, fecundity being related to body size.

Thyroid Hormone Content of Eggs and Early Developmental Stages of Three Stocks of Goitred Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from the Great Lakes of North America, and a Comparison with a Stock from British Columbia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2146-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Leatheland ◽  
L. Lin ◽  
N. E. Down ◽  
E. M. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels

The thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in embryos and larvae of two stocks of markedly goitred Lake Erie coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were lower than in comparable developmental stages of a mildly goitred Lake Michigan and a nongoitred British Columbia stock. There was no apparent correlation between fecundity, egg weight, embryo mortality rates, or developmental rates of the three Great Lakes stocks and the egg yolk reserves of thyroid hormone, indicating that the reserves may not ipso facto affect developmental success. The low thyroid hormone levels of the embryos of the two Lake Erie stocks were probably related to the dysfunction in hormone uptake from the maternal blood during the period of oocyte growth, and not to low maternal blood thyroid hormone levels per se.

Morphological Differences between Hatchery and Wild Populations of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): Environmental versus Genetic Origin

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1783-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Swain ◽  
B. E. Riddell ◽  
C. B. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
Environmental Component ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Median Fins

Previous studies have demonstrated morphological differences between hatchery-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of hatchery origin and wild-reared coho of wild origin. We tested for a genetic component to this divergence by comparing coho from hatchery and wild populations both reared in the same hatchery environment and for an environmental component by comparing hatchery- and wild-reared coho both of wild origin. As in the previous studies, wild-reared fish from wild populations had greater head dimensions, larger median fins, and deeper bodies than did hatchery-reared fish from hatchery populations. This difference, summarized by the first principal component (PC1) of the size-adjusted data, was related to rearing environment rather than to genetic differences between hatchery and wild populations. Genetic divergence (or maternal effects) did occur between hatchery and wild populations along PC2 and PC3, but this divergence was slight compared with the environmentally induced differences between the two types of fish along PC1.

Comparative fecundity and egg survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) from lakes Ontario, Erie, and Michigan

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1096-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Morrison ◽  
J. F. Leatherland ◽  
R. A. Sonstegard
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Salmon River

Survival to hatch in 1982 of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) collected from two Lake Ontario stocks (Salmon River, New York, and Credit River, Ontario) and Lake Michigan and Lake Erie stocks in 1982 was 79, 86, 78 and 24%, respectively; eggs taken from smaller females (<2 kg) of the Lake Erie stock had a significantly lower survival (9%) than those of larger females (>2 kg). Poor fertilization success appeared to be the major cause of low survival to hatch of Lake Erie coho salmon eggs. There were no significant differences in egg size, embryo size, or development time to hatch, step E47, or first exogenous feeding in the four stocks studied, although the incidence of alevin deformity was significantly higher in the Lake Erie coho salmon than in the Lake Ontario or Lake Michigan stocks. Posthatch mortalities were low, except in the case of the Credit River (Lake Ontario) stock, which suffered an epizootic of a suspect viral disease that increased mortality 3 weeks after hatch.

Residues of DDT in Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from the Great Lakes

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Reinert ◽  
Harold L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Spawning Season ◽  
Spawning Run

Concentrations of DDT residues were higher in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from southern Lake Michigan in 1966–70 (average 18.1 ppm in fish 558–684 mm long) than in lake trout of the same size-class from Lake Superior in 1968–69 (4.4 ppm), and higher in adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from Lake Michigan in 1968–71 (averages for different year-classes, 9.9–14.0 ppm) than in those from Lake Erie in 1969 (2.2 ppm). Residues were significantly higher in lake trout from southern Lake Michigan than in those from the northern part of the lake. In lakes Michigan and Superior, the levels increased with length of fish and percentage oil. In Lake Michigan coho salmon, the residues remained nearly stable (2–4 ppm) from September of the 1st yr of lake residence through May or early June of the 2nd yr, but increased three to four times in the next 3 mo. Residues in Lake Erie coho salmon did not increase during this period, which preceded the spawning season. Although the concentrations of total residues in whole, maturing Lake Michigan coho salmon remained unchanged from August 1968 until near the end of the spawning season in January 1969, the residues were redistributed in the tissues of the spawning-run fish; concentrations in the loin and brain were markedly higher in January than in August. This relocation of DDT residues accompanied a marked decrease in the percentage of oil in the fish, from 13.2 in August to 2.8 in January. Concentrations of residues were relatively high in eggs of both lake trout (4.6 ppm) and coho salmon (7.4–10.2 ppm) from Lake Michigan. The percentage composition of the residues (p,p′DDE, o,p′/DDT, p,p′DDT, and p,p′DDT) did not differ significantly with life stage, size, age, or locality, or date of collection of lake trout or coho salmon.

Comparative fecundity and egg survival in two stocks of goitred coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) from Lake Erie

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2780-2785 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Leatherland ◽  
R. A. Sonstegard
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hyperplasia

The reproductive success of two stocks of Lake Erie coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) was examined in an attempt to determine if the low embryonic survival of one of the stocks could be related to the epizootic of thyroid hyperplasia exhibited by that stock. In one stock (derived from Lake Michigan and introduced annually into Trout Run, Fairview, Pennsylvania, by the Pennsylvania Fish Commission) the mortality of the embryos and yolk sac fry was significantly higher and the weight of yolk sac fry and parr was smaller than in a second self-reproducing stock which spawns in Young and Fishers creeks, Ontario. The gonadosomatic indices and number of eggs per unit weight of female were larger in the Pennsylvania stock, although carcass weights, weights of unfertilized eggs, and number of eggs per female were similar in the two stocks; secondary sexual characteristics were poorly exhibited in both stocks. There were no differences in plasma thyroid hormone levels or the degree of thyroid hyperplasia in the two stocks, suggesting that the low survival of the embryos and poor growth of the yolk sac fry in the Pennsylvania stock cannot be attributed directly to thyroid dysfunction, as had been proposed previously. Plasma thyroid hormone levels fell from relatively high levels in sexually immature salmon collected in summer to near zero levels in the pre-ovulatory to post-ovulatory salmon collected in the fall. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in plasma triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) levels in males during the period between early October and early December. No such decline was seen in females, which had low plasma T3 levels by the first (early October) fall collection.

Induced ovulation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). I. Further studies on the use of salmon pituitary preparations

Aquaculture ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Hunter ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Helen M. Dye
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Induced Ovulation
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